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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is the genetic information stored?
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in the chromosomes (cookbooks)
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What is Genetic information?
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Info on how to make a specific protein = "a recipe" for making a specific protein.
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What the specific areas in which the genetic information is stored?
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Areas of the chromosomes called genes "page of recipe"
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What are the structures containing DNA?
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Chromosomes
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What are segments of DNA?
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Genes
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The science or study of heredity and how they are passed from one generation to the next.
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Genetics
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How many chromosomes does a human carry?
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46 total/23 pairs
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What is the chromosome effected for Down syndrome?
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21 also known as (trisomae21)
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What arm of the chromosome is the long arm?
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q arm
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What arm of the chromosome is the short arm?
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p arm
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What is a Gene?
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recipe to make proteins
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The genetic make-up of an organism( all the DNA - molecular-not visible)
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Genotype
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Actual expression of genes in genotype-action of proteins (visible)
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Phenotype
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Any change in the DNA sequence in a gene
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Mutation
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Types of Mutations
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Base substitution
Frameshift mutation |
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What are the types of Base substitution?
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missense mutation
nosencese mutation |
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Describe missense mutation
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an amino acid substitution in 1 degree chain of protein
(change is in the 3-base codon in mRNA |
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What is it called when an amino acid substitution happens (codon codes for a different amino acid in the mRNA)
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missense
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Which types of mutations are specific
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missense mutation
nosencese mutation |
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What is it when 1 or few DNA bases have been added or deleted from a gene?
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Frameshift mutation
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What is the result of frameshift mutation?
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Change mRNA >change> 3 base mRNA
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What is it when a protein is incomplete because it made a stop codon to soon.
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nosencese mutation
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What is a general mutation?
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Frameshift mutation
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What ways are to cause mutations in DNA?
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Chemically induced mutagenesis
Radiation induced mutagenesis |
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What are the chemically induced mutagenesis?
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Treat DNA w/ nitrous acid
Treat DNA w/ benz pyrene Treat cell w/ base analogs "fake bases" |
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What is base analogs?
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fake bases
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What are the radiation induce mutagenesis?
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X-Rays
UV light |
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What does X-Rays do in mutagenesis?
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chromosome breakage
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What does UV light do in mutagenesis?
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causes thymine dimmers in DNA
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Cell try to repair on chemically & radiation induced mutagenesis and if they can't, what happens
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Apoptosis= cell commits suicide
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What is the theory of positive direct selection method?
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selects for mutant bacteria
rejects the non-mutant bacteria |
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You want to find Penicillin resistant mutant bacteria, How with the positive direct method?
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Place bacteria on TSA plate with penicellin. You will see mutant bacteria growth.
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Change in DNA
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mutation
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something that causes a mutation
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mutagenic
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Organism that gets mutated
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mutant
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The process of causing a mutation
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Mutagenesis
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causes cancer
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Carcinogenic
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process of causing cancer
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Carcinogenesis
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things that causes cancer
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Carcinogen
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What does the stop code do/
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Causes the ribosome to fall off of mRNA = means protein complete
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What the first RXNS in protein synthesis?
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Transciption
DNA ===> mRNA |
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What the second RXNS in protein synthesis?
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Translation
mRNA ===> Protein(A.A chains) |
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What are the 3 main ways of Genetic Transfer?
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-Transformation
-Conjugation -Transduction |
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Naked DNA fee but not in a cell taken up by Recipient cell from environment
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Transformation
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Transformation
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Naked DNA fee but not in a cell taken up by Recipient cell from environment
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Transfer DNA from one cell to another using 2 bacteria?
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Conjugation
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Conjugation
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Transfer DNA from one cell to another using 2 bacteria?
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What is required for Conjugation?
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-cell/cell contact
-structured called F-factor -sex pilus |
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When Donor f+ conjugation with a recipient f- what happens?
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The recipient bacteria becomes f+
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Using a virus that infects bacteria bacteriophage/phage
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Transduction
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Transduction
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Using a virus that infects bacteria bacteriophage/phage
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Where does mRNA translation occur? and Why?
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Cytoplasm of cell so ribosomes hold in place
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What does the stop code do?
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causes ribosome to fall off of mRNA means protein complete
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