Chapter 8 Micro

Front 1

The antibiotics penicillin and cephalosporin are produced by

Back 1

Fungi

Front 2

Fungi are free-living __________ organisms.

Back 2

Hetertrophic

Front 3

Algae that contain agar in their cell walls belong to:

Back 3

Rhodophyta

Front 4

The process by which the nucleus of protozoans undergoes multiple divisions before the cell divides is called:

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Schizogony

Front 5

The eukaryotes known for the presence of a macronucleus and a micronucleus are:

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Protozoans

Front 6

Plasmodium is

Back 6

A protozoan

Front 7

Toxoplasma gondii belongs to which group of eukaryotic organisms?

Back 7

Protozoans

Front 8

A scolex is a structure found in:

Back 8

Helminths

Front 9

Which of the following is commonly referred to as a pinworm?

Back 9

Enterobius vermicularis

Front 10

The study of fungi is called?

Back 10

Mycology

Front 11

The vegetative structure of algae is referred to as a?

Back 11

Thallus

Front 12

The unique cell organelle found among the Archaezoa, which appears to be a remnant of mitochondria, is called a ________.

Back 12

Mytosomes

Front 13

Masses of protoplasm containing thousands of nuclei are a characteristic of

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Plasmodium

Front 14

The common name for nematodes is ______

Back 14

roundworms

Front 15

____ are eukaryotes but re quite different from plants and animals.

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Fungi

Front 16

Whether microscopic or macroscopic, they generally grow as filamentous, multinucleated organisms that form threadlike filaments called _____, or as a unicellular fungal organisms.

Back 16

Hyphae

Front 17

Mushrooms

Back 17

Mostly macroscopic organisms (fungi)

Front 18

Yeats:

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Mostly microscopic (fungi)

Front 19

Heterotrophic organisms are?

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They are free-living organisms (they use organic compounds as their source or carbon).

Front 20

Coccidioides immitis Reservoir

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Desert soil; southwestern U.S.;Mexico; certain regions of central and South America.

Front 21

Coccidioides immitis clinical manifestation?

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Initial pulmonary infection.

Front 22

Histoplasma Capsulatum reservoir

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soil infested with bird/bat guano

Front 23

Histoplasma Capulatum clinical manifestation

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pericarditis; chronic pulmonary histoplamisis

Front 24

Candida spp. Reservoir

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Gastrointestial mucosa, vaginal mucosa, skin, nails.

Front 25

candida spp. transmission

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gastrointestinal translocation, intravascular catheters

Front 26

Candida spp. clinical manifestation

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Oral/Vaginal thrush

Front 27

Cryptococcus Neoformans Clinical Manifestation

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Promary cryptoccal pneumonia; meningitis (particularily in HIV-Infected patients)

Front 28

Aspergillus spp. Transmission

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Inhalation of conidia: transfer to wounds via contaminated bandages

Front 29

Aspergillus spp. Clinical manifestations

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Allergic Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, sinusities; aspergilloma; invasive aspergillosis (lung, brain, skin, gastrointestinal tract, heart)

Front 30

The most common infection caused by ______ are vaginal yeast infections, thrush (oral infection), and diaper rash

Back 30

Candida albicans

Front 31

____ may require oxygen for their metabolic activities as obligate aerobes or may be able to continue their metabolic activities in the absence of oxygen as facultative anaerobes.

Back 31

Yeast

Front 32

___ exist as a single cells that reproduce by budding. However, some species may become multicellular through the formation of connected budding cells referred to as psudohyphae, or true hyphae.

Back 32

yeast

Front 33

____ are rapidly growing, asexually reproducing fungi that grow on a variety of substances.

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Molds

Front 34

As a mold with a septate hyphae in their natural reservoir (ie soil) and in the laboratory when incubated at ?

Back 34

25 degrees celsius

Front 35

As yeast in tissues of a human or other animal or in the laboratory when incubated at _____ degrees Celsius on enriched media (ie brain heart infusion agar)

Back 35

37

Front 36

A rectangular spore, formed when a sepatate of hypha breaks at the cross wall.

Back 36

Arthrospore

Front 37

A spherical conidium produced by the thickening of a hyphal cell that is released when the surrounding hyphae crack.

Back 37

Chlamydospore

Front 38

A spore that buds from a parent cell

Back 38

Blastospore

Front 39

A spore that buds from the mouth of a vase-shaped, spore-bearing cell

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Phialospore

Front 40

Spores formed by the same fungus under different conditions, either as one cell, either as one cell or as two ore more celles.

Back 40

Microconidium (one cell) or macroconidium (two or more cells)

Front 41

______ are coenocytic (multinucleate) molds, most of which are saprobes; the remaining are obligate parasites of insects or other fungi.

Back 41

Zygomaycota

Front 42

Fungi that derive their nutrition from nonliving organic material

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Saprobes

Front 43

____ are the primary fungi causing food spoilage.

Back 43

Acomycota

Front 44

____ are beneficial and probably the best known fungus in this category is _______ the mold responsible for the reproduction of the antibiotic penicillin.

Back 44

Ascomycota, Penicillium

Front 45

____ ferments sugar to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide, the basic processes necessary in the baking and brewing industries.

Back 45

Saccharomyces

Front 46

____ include mushrooms (fleshy fungi) and other fruiting bodies of fungi

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Basidiomcota

Front 47

In addition, the fungus ______ grows in the form of yeast in humans and is the leading cause of fungal meningitis.

Back 47

Cryptococus neoformans

Front 48

____ are somewhat different than other subgroups, and sometimes are referred to as "imperfect fungi."

Back 48

Dueteromycota

Front 49

_____ consist of hyphae (mold) of a fungus and cyanobacteria of green algae.

Back 49

Lichens

Front 50

Medical concerns involving algae are due primarily to food poisoning caused by toxins of marine algae such as ______

Back 50

Dinoflagellates

Front 51

Overgrowth of Dinoflagellates (motile organisms) during certain times of the year causes _______, so name because they cause the water to turn a deep read color.

Back 51

Red tides

Front 52

All algae have two things in common: all are ______organisms and all are ____.

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Photosynthetic and aquatic.

Front 53

All ___ are capable or asexual reproduction.

Back 53

algae

Front 54

In unicellular algae the nucleus divides by mitosis and when the newly formed nuclei move to the opposite poles of the cell, the cell divides into two new cell by _____.

Back 54

Cytokinesis

Front 55

Chlorophyta are what color

Back 55

green algae (unicellular and are in freshwater ponds, lakes, and pools). They forma characteristic green to yellow scum.

Front 56

_______ (red algae) contain a red accessory pigment and use glycogen as their energy-storing molecule. Red algae have cell walls containing ______.

Back 56

Rhodophyta, agar

Front 57

_____ are commonly referred to as brown algae because of the presence of brown pigments in addition to chlorophylls and carotene.

Back 57

Phaeophyta

Front 58

______ are a major component of marine phytoplankton

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Diatoms

Front 59

______ is the term for multiple fission, in which the nucleus undergoes multiple divisions before the cell divides.

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Schizogony

Front 60

Protozoans are a group of microorganisms that are defined by three common characteristics?

Back 60

1 they are eukaryotes; 2 they are unicellular; and 3 they lack a cell wall

Front 61

Plasmodium is a ?

Back 61

protozoan parasite

Front 62

Plasmosium transmission

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bite of infected mosquito

Front 63

Plasmodium protazoal infection causing

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Malaria

Front 64

Plasmodium treatment is

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Chloroquine

Front 65

Plasmodium vivax causes malaria what is the site of infection?

Back 65

blood

Front 66

Amoebas and toxoplasma affects what part of the body?

Back 66

the central nervous system

Front 67

Cryptosporidium, entamoebu and garidia affect what part of the body.

Back 67

Intestine

Front 68

Entamoeba and leishmania affect what organ in the body

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Liver

Front 69

Leishmania affects which part of the body

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Skin

Front 70

Trichomonas affects what part of the body?

Back 70

urogenital tract

Front 71

dx amebiasis, transmission contaminated food and water, tx metronidazole

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Entamoeba histolytica

Front 72

Dx. amoeic meningoencephalitis, transmission-through the nose when swimming or diving in warm waters

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Naegleria fowleri

Front 73

transmission- fecal-oral route: fecally contaminated water

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Balantidium coli

Front 74

transmission: zoonotic contaminated food and water tx. metrodinazole

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Giardia lamblia

Front 75

Know the dx, transmission cleaning the litterbox of infected cats; eating contaminated raw or partially cooked meat, Tx Pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine

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Toxoplasma gondii(dx toxoplasmosis)

Front 76

Know the dx, Bit by infected mosquito, treatment is Chloroquine

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Plasmodium spp. (dx is malaria)

Front 77

transmission sexually transmitted and treatment metronidazole, tinidazole

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Trichomonas Vaginalis (dx Trichomoniasis)

Front 78

Transmission is usually by the fecal-oral route via contaminated water. It only takes 10 cysts to establish infection and the cysts to establish an infection

Back 78

Giardia lamblia

Front 79

Then incubation period is usually between 6 to 20 days and the symptoms can range from simple nausea to vomiting, abdominal cramps, fatigue, weight loss, and explosive diarrhea.

Back 79

Giardia lamblia

Front 80

Effective ways to prevent transmission of the disease include proper hand washing and avoidance of swimming in recreational waters for at least 2 weeks after cessation of the disease symptoms

Back 80

Giardia lamblia

Front 81

Pseudopods, or false feet that allow it to crawl over surfaces

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Amoeba

Front 82

____ are a group of eukaryotic worms that are not microorganisms, yet of interest to microbiologist because parasitic _____ exhibit microscopic infective and diagnostic stages in their life cycle, usually by way of their eggs or larvae.

Back 82

Helminths

Front 83

Found in blood feces or urine and must be distinguished from other microbes

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Helminths

Front 84

The Helminths are ____ and ____ hosts

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Intermediate adn definitive hosts

Front 85

________ (flukes) are generally flat and leaf shaped, with oral and ventral suckers holding the organism in place.

Back 85

Trematodes

Front 86

Cestodes or?

Back 86

tapeworms are intestinal parasites

Front 87

Adult tapeworms share basic body structure:

Back 87

a solex (head), a neck and one or more proglottids(segments)

Front 88

Nematodes or?

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roundworms, are sylindrical and tapered at each end and are the most numerous multicellular animals on earth.

Front 89

They are found everywhere in freshwater, marine and terrestrial environments.

Back 89

Nematodes or roundworms

Front 90

Enterobius vermicularis

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the pinwormm or seat worm, spend its life in a human host. The adult worms reside in the large intestine, from where it migrates to the anal area to deposit its eggs (hence the name, seatworm).

Front 91

The eggs can bee transmitted to another host by ingestion or via a fomite (contaminated clothing or bedding)

Back 91

Nematodes or roundworms

Front 92

Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale are also called

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hook worms and live in the small intestine of humans.

Front 93

Slime molds have both

Back 93

Fungal and ameobal characteristics

Front 94

What is not a microorganism?

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Helmiths

Front 95

Trachomonias lacks a cyst stage and is transferred

Back 95

host to host

Front 96

Diamorphic fungus growing as a mold prefers what temp?

Back 96

25

Front 97

Penicillin is

Back 97

gram positive and gram -

Front 98

The mold responsible for the production of penicillin

Back 98

Acomycota

Front 99

Red Tide

Back 99

Dinoflagellates

Front 100

Brown algae

Back 100

Phaeophyta

Front 101

yeast

Back 101

single cell reproduce by budding

Front 102

Protozoans

Back 102

eukrocytes

Front 103

Fungi growing on the surfaces of the skin or hair may cause ________ mycoses

Back 103

superficial

Front 104

Mytosomes

Back 104

unique cell organelle remnant of mitochondria

Front 105

Plasmodium

Back 105

masses of protoplasm containing thousands of nuclei