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6 Cards in this Set
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What is autobiographical memory?
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Type of memory that recalls personal subjective memories
Contains events and experiences from earlier in our lives Includes spatiotemporal knowledge of when and where the events took place Flashbulb memories are also autobiographical Other types of memory include semantic, episodic and procedural Important = reminiscence bump. Disproportionate number of autobiographical memories between birth and 30 years old. Our self-identity is formed around this time so the extra detail helps our sense of self Example = Marigold Linton (1982) diary study over six years, noting 2 or more events perday. She tested her recall of rendomly selected past events. Fade at about 5% peryear and are categorised chronically and by theme |
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What is flashbulb memory?
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An autobiographical memory that is detailed, vivid and stable
Formed when we hear of shocking and/or emotional events Brwn and Kulik(1977) Six aspects that are remembered in a flashbulb memory: where who else what they were doing who told them their feelings what happened after Remember where we were and what we were doing when we hear the news Most likely to be formed if the news is personally important or meaningful Other meories include semantic, episodic and procedural Important = shows the the detail and durability of certain memories (flashbulb memories) and be very accurate Example = people remember who they we with, how they felt and what they were doing when they heard of the 9/11 attacks |
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What is the encoding specificity principle?
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Presented by Endel Tulving (1975, 1983)
Suggests that cues at the time of retrieval can aid in remembering if they match cues that were present when the memory was encoded We remember things through different retrieval routes, accessing memories through different associations The more elaborate the encoding process, the more associations the memory has with pre-existing memories, hence more likely to be retrieved Recognising something provides more retrieval clues than simply recalling something Important = studies on the encoding specificity principle have led to changes to the way police interview people. The police cognitive interview technique |
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What is episodic memory?
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Episodic memories are a form of long-term memory that include spatiotemporal details (when and where)
Episodic memories can be formed in advance of semantic memories eg a child seeing a furry animal in the garden many times which are episodic memories. A semantic memory is later formed that this is a cat Other types of memory include semantic, autobiographical and procedural Episodic memories differ from semantic memories which don't have a spatiotemporal component Important = explains how semantic information can be acquired. Experiences from the senses are fed as episodic memories to the hippocampus, which replays tham to the temporal cortex where they are stored as episodic memories Episodic and autobiographical memories are very similar. Conway (2001) episodic memories are transient but autobiographical are personally significant, enduring Example = double dissociated. Hodges & Graham (1998) damage to the temporal cortex but no the hippocampus affected semantic memory, not spisodic. Vargha-Khadem (1997) damage to the hippocampus but not the temporal cortex affected episodic but not semantic |
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What is levels of processing?
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Levels of processing theory proposed by Craik and Lockheart (1972)
Craik and Lockheart asked participants to match words that started with capitals, rhymed with others and fitted into sentences. They found that more words were learned incidentally as they had to do more thinking about the words The retention of material in memory is dependant on how deeply it is processed at encoding Maintenance rehearsal : shallow structural processing eg remembering by rote Elaborative rehearsal : deeper semantic processing. Associating knowledge with pre-existing knowledge. Activating different aspects of its meaning eg re-writing in own words Important = encoding affects how effectively we store information and hence how easy it is to recall Important = the generation effect - we are more likely to remember information we created rather than just read/heard Important = working out the meaning of something, testing yourself processes the information more deeply and the semantic meaning of the information is stored |
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What is collective memories?
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Collective memories are shared memories created by pooling people's common experiences
They are socially constructed and are elaborated through discussion Memories may be recalled that didn't take place simply because they have been shared with us. eg Piaget had a memory of being kidnapped based on an event told to him by his family. It never actually happened but was made up by his nanny Memories may become inaccurate, modified through retelling Important = collective memories are an example of how we don't just recall our memories. We construct them Example = Miller (2000) collective family memories that serve to express a common family history. Traditions and family characteristics are maintained |
