Chapter 8: Memory

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Memory

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the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

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Recall

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a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

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Recognition

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a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned as on a multiple-choice test

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Relearning

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a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time served when learning material again

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Encoding

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the processing of information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning

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Storage

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the retention of encoded information over time

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Retrieval

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the process of getting information out of memory storage

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Sensory memory

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the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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Short-term memory

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activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

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Long-term memory

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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

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Working memory

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a newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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Explicit memory

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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declarative memory

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Effortful processing

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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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Automatic processing

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unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency and well learned information such as word meanings

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Implicit memory

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retention independent of conscious recollection

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Iconic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

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Echoic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

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Chunking

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organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically

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Mnemonics

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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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Spacing effect

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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

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Testing effect

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enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

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Shallow processing

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encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

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Deep processing

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encoding semantically based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

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Hippocampus

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a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

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Flashbulb memory

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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment of event

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Long-term potentiation

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an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

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Priming

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the activation often unconsciously of particular associations in memory

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Mood-congruent memory

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the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

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Serial position effect

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our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

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Anterograde amnesia

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an inability to form new memories

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Retrograde amnesia

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an inability to retrieve information from one's past

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Proactive interference

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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

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Retroactive interference

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the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

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Repression

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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

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Misinformation effect

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incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

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Source amnesia

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attributing to the wring source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined. Source amnesia along with the misinformation effect is at the heart of many false memories

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Déjà vu

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that eerie sense that i've experienced this before. cues fro the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience