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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
muscles whose action is under voluntary control; examples: the muscles that move the eyeballs, tongue, and bones
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skeletal muscles (voluntary muscles, striated muscles)
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striated muscle found in the heart
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cardiac muscle
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muscles whose actions are involuntary; found principally in the visceral organs, walls of arteries, walls of respiratory passages, and in the urinary and reproductive ducts
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smooth muscles
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muscle fibers arise directly from bone
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fleshy attachments
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connective tissue converges at the end of the muscle to become continuous and indistinguishable from the periosteum
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fibrous attachments
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when the fibrous attachment spans a large area of a particular bone, the attachment is called this
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aponeurosis
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provide the framework of the body, protect internal organs, store calcium and other minerals, and produce blood cells within bone marrow
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bones
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cube-shaped bones that consist of a core of spongy bone, aka cancellous bone, that it is enclosed in a thin surface layer of compact bone; examples: ankles and wrists
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short bones
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bones that cannot be classified as short or long because of their complex shapes; examples: vertebrae and the bones of the middle ear
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irregular bones
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these bones provide broad surfaces for muscular attachment or protection for internal organs; examples: skull, shoulder blades, and sternum
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flat bones
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found in the extremities of the body, such as legs and arms
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long bones
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the shaft or long, main portion of a bone
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diaphysis
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the two ends of the bones that provide space for muscle and ligament attachments near the joints
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distal epiphysis and proximal epiphysis
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found within the epiphyses and is surrounded by a layer of compact bone; red bone marrow is found here
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spongy bone
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a type of elastic connective tissue that provides a smooth surface for movement of joints
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articular cartilage
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dense, white, fibrous membrane, covers the remaining surface of the bone; contains numerous blood and lymph vessels and nerves
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periosteum
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in growing bones, the inner layer of the periosteum contains bone-forming cells known as these
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osteoblasts
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"soft spots" found on an infant's skull
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fontanels
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supports the body and provides a canal for the spinal cord
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vertebral column
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forms the skeletal framework of the neck
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cervical vertebrae
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the first cervical vertebra that supports the skull
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atlas
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the second cervical vertebra that makes possible rotation of the sull on the neck
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axis
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12 vertebrae that support the chest and serve as a point of articulation for the ribs
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thoracic vertebrae
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5 vertebrae that carry most of the weight of the torso
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lumbar vertebrae
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gelatinous mass in the center of the intervertebral disks
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nucleus pulposus
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attaches the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and provides attachments for musclesthat aid upper limb movements
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pectoral girdle
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supports the trunk of the body and provides protection for the visceral organs of the pelvis
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pelvic girdle
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joints that allow movement
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synovial joints
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a sleevelike extension of the periosteum
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joint capsule
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the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, care, and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders
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orthopedics
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a physician that maintains that good health requires proper alignment of bones, muscles, ligaments, and nerves
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osteopathic physician (DO)
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broken bone
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fracture
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the bone is broken, but with no external wound
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closed or simple fracture
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involves a broken bone and an external wound that leads to the site of fracture
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open or compund fracture
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a broken bone has injured some internal organ, such as when a broken rib punctures a lung
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complicated fracture
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the bone has broken or splintered into pieces
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comminuted fracture
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occurs when the bone is broken and one end is wedged into the interior of another bone
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impacted fracture
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when the line of fracture does not include a whole bone
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imcomplete fracture
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when one side of a long bone is broken and the other side is bent
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greenstick fracture
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a break at the lower end of the radius, occurs just above the wrist
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Colles fracture
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a minor fracture in which all portions of the bone are in perfect alignment
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hairline fracture
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usually caused by a disease process such as a neoplasm or osteoporosis
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pathological (spontaneous) fractures
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infection of the bone and bone marrow
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osteomyelitis
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pus-forming bacteria
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pyogenic
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destruction of the bone
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necrosis
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stiffening, or freezing of the joints
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ankylosis
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chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones
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Paget disease; aka osteitis deformans
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common metabolic bone disorder in the elderly
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osteoporosis
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an abnormal curvature of the spine, either to the left or to the right
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scoliosis
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an abnormal curvature of a portion of the spine
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kyphosis, aka humpback or hunchback
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an abnormal, inward curvature of a portion of the spine
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lordosis; aka swayback
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a systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and their related structures, results in crippling deformities
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rheumatoid arthritis
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metabolic disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystal in blood
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gouty arthritis; aka gout
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genetic disease characterized by gradual atrophy and weakening of muscle tissue
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muscular dystrophy
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a neuromuscular disorder, causes fluctuating weakness of certain skeletal muscle groups (of the eyes, face, and, to a lesser degree, the limbs)
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myasthenia gravis (MG)
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develops from primitive nerve cells in bone marrow; usually affects the shaft of long bones but may occur in the pelvis or other bones of the arms or legs
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ewing sarcoma
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