Chapter 8 Cancer And Human Health

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What is cancer?

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* Disease of the cell cycle

* Division without control

* DNA is damaged (sequence or extra chemicals) * Normal cells transform into cancer cells.

* Mixed up cellular signaling

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What are some statistics about cancer?

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* Cancer - a half-million deaths each year

* More than 100 types

* Named for the cell in which they startestimated cost of treating cancer in the US is $100 billion each year

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Cancer stats continued Image on back

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* Cancer accounts for over a half-million deaths each year.•

* There are more than 8 million Americans diagnosed with cancer at any one time.

*The estimated cost of treating cancer in the United States is ~$77 billion each year.

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Cancer Develops Image on back

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What are some cancer characteristics?

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The Hallmarks of Cancer – Douglas Hanahan and Robert A. Weinberg Scientific American 11/2013• Mutations occur over time.

• Cancer cell to tumor- 6 characteristics

1. Stimulate own growth

2. Ignore slow down signals

3. Circumvent apoptosis & destruction for disabled cells

4. Must initiate angiogenesis

5. Must invade surrounding tissues

6. Can metastasize

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What are some cancer facts?

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• Metastasis – some cancers more prone

• Angiogenesis-

• https://www.angio.org/learn/multimedia/

• Cancer cells that impair the function of vital organs often lead to death

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What is the cell cycle affected by?

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* Cell division is controlled by positive and negative growth regulators (examples: epidermal growth factor [EGF]; hormones ; estrogen or human growth hormone).

* Hormones can act as either positive or negative growth regulators depending on the tissue.

* Negative growth regulators prompt programmed cell death ,eliminate damaged cells.

* Positive growth regulators promote cell division

*A malfunction in either of the growth regulators can lead to cancer.

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What is the root cause of all cancers?

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Gene Mutations Are the Root Cause of All Cancers

A mutation is a permanent change in DNA sequenceProto-oncogenes code for positive growth regulators .When mutations cause proto-oncogenes to become hyperactive, they trigger excessive cell proliferation and the mutated gene is now known as an oncogene (cancer-causing gene).

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What factor increases the risk of cancer?

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Mutations in Tumor Suppressor Genes Increase the Risk for Cancer

Tumor suppressor genes - negative growth regulators that:

Inhibit the cell cycle

Stimulate repair of damaged DNA

Promote cell adhesion

Enforce anchorage dependence

Prevent angiogenesis

Trigger cell death

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Cancer Inheritance Facts on back

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Front 11

What are cancer treatments?

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Treatments continued.

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Front 13

What does Cancer Immunotherapy do?

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Front 14

What are some New Cancer Therapies

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What are some ways to prevent cancer?

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Cancer prevention stats on back

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What do bacteria an viruses have to do with cancer?

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Cancer knowledge application image on back

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