Chapter 8- Bio

Front 1

anaphase

Back 1

mitotic phase during which daughter chromosomes move towards the poles of the spindle

Front 2

angiogenesis

Back 2

Formation of new blood vessels; one mechanism by whch cancer spreads

Front 3

apoptosis

Back 3

Programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell.

Front 4

aster

Back 4

Short, radiating fibers produced by the centrosomes in animal cells.

Front 5

benign tumor

Back 5

tumor that does not invade adjacent tissue and stays at the site or origin.

Front 6

cancer

Back 6

Malignant tumorwhose nondifferentiated cells exhibit loss of contact inhibition, uncontrolled growth, and the ability to invade tissu and metastasize.

Front 7

carcinogenesis

Back 7

development of cancer

Front 8

Cell Cycle

Back 8

repeating sequence of events in eukaryotes that involves cell growth and nuclear division; consists of the stages G1, S, G2, and M

Front 9

Cell plate

Back 9

Structure across a dividing plant cell that signals the location of new plasma membranes and cell walls.

Front 10

Centromere

Back 10

constricted region on a chromosome joining two sister chromatids.

Front 11

Centrosome

Back 11

Central microtubule organizing center of cells. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles

Front 12

Checkpoint

Back 12

in the cell cycle, one of several oints where the cell cycle can stop or continue on, depending on the internal signal it receives; ensures that each step of the cell cycle is completed before the next one begins.

Front 13

Chromatid

Back 13

A single DNA strand of a chromosome. Chromosomes may consist of a pair of sister chromatids

Front 14

chromain

Back 14

Network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing.

Front 15

chromosome

Back 15

Structure consisting of DNA complexed with proteins tat transmits genetic information from the previous generation of cells and organisms to the next generation

Front 16

Contact inhibition

Back 16

in cell culture, the point where cells stop diviing when they become a one-cell think sheet.

Front 17

cyclin

Back 17

protein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle prgresses; combines with and activates the kinases that function to promote the events of the cycle

Front 18

cytokinesis

Back 18

division of the cytoplasm following mitosis and meiosis

Front 19

DNA replication

Back 19

snthesis of a new DNA double helix prior to mitosis or eiosis in eukaryotic cells and during prokaryotic fission in prkaryotic cells.

Front 20

Centrosome

Back 20

Central microtubule organizing center of cells. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles

Front 21

histone

Back 21

protein molecule responsible for packing chromatin

Front 22

Checkpoint

Back 22

in the cell cycle, one of several oints where the cell cycle can stop or continue on, depending on the internal signal it receives; ensures that each step of the cell cycle is completed before the next one begins.

Front 23

Chromatid

Back 23

A single DNA strand of a chromosome. Chromosomes may consist of a pair of sister chromatids

Front 24

chromain

Back 24

Network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing.

Front 25

chromosome

Back 25

Structure consisting of DNA complexed with proteins tat transmits genetic information from the previous generation of cells and organisms to the next generation

Front 26

Contact inhibition

Back 26

in cell culture, the point where cells stop diviing when they become a one-cell think sheet.

Front 27

cyclin

Back 27

protein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle prgresses; combines with and activates the kinases that function to promote the events of the cycle

Front 28

cytokinesis

Back 28

division of the cytoplasm following mitosis and meiosis

Front 29

DNA replication

Back 29

snthesis of a new DNA double helix prior to mitosis or eiosis in eukaryotic cells and during prokaryotic fission in prkaryotic cells.

Front 30

histone

Back 30

protein molecule responsible for packing chromatin

Front 31

Interphase

Back 31

Staes of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2) during which growth and DNA synthesis occur when the nucleus is not actively dividing

Front 32

kinase

Back 32

enzume that activates another enzyme by adding a phosphate group

Front 33

malignant

Back 33

invasive tumor that may spread

Front 34

Metaphase

Back 34

mitotic phase during which chromoomes are aligned at the spindle equator

Front 35

metastasis

Back 35

spread of cancer from the place of orgin throughout the body; caused by the abilityof cancer cells to migrate and invade tissues.

Front 36

mitosis

Back 36

process in which parent nucleus produces two daugher nuclei, each having the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.

Front 37

nucleosome

Back 37

in the nucleus of a eukaruotic cell, a unit composed of DNA wound around a core of eight histone proteins, giving the apperance of a string of beads.

Front 38

prophase

Back 38

mitotic phase duing which chromatin condenses so that chromosomes appear; chromosomes are scattered.

Front 39

signal

Back 39

molecule that stimulates or inhibits an event in the cell cycle

Front 40

sister chromatid

Back 40

One of two genetically identical chromosomal units that are the result of DNA replication and are attached to each other at the centromere.

Front 41

somatic cell

Back 41

body cell; excludes cells that undergo meiosis and become sperm or egg

Front 42

spindle

Back 42

microtubule structure that brings about chromosomal movement during nuclear division

Front 43

Spindle equator

Back 43

disk formed during metaphase in which all of a cell's chromosomes lie in a single plane at right angles to the spindle fibers.

Front 44

telomere

Back 44

long, repeating DNA sequence at the ends of chromosomes; functions like a cap and keeps chromosomes from fusing with each other.

Front 45

telophase

Back 45

mitotic phase during which daughter cells are located at each pole

Front 46

tumor

Back 46

cells derived from a single mutated cell that has repeatedly undergone cell division; benign tumors remain at the site of orgin, while malignant tumors metastasize.