Chapter 8 And 9 Bio

Front 1

Paleoanthropology

Back 1

the study of primate and human evolution

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relative dating

Back 2

The sequence in time determined by showing which species is older but not its exact date

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Chronometric Dating

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Determines the exact date for specimen, subject to statistical fluctuation

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Statigraphy

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Makes use of the geological process of superposition, which refers to the buildup of earth over time

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Flourine Dating

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measures the accumulation of flourine in bones over time, the more flourine the older it is

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Biostratigraphy

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The comparison of animal remains found at different sites to determine similarity in time

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paleomagnetic reversal

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Dating sites reliant on the fact that the earth's magnetic field has shifted back and forth from north to south in irregular intervals over time

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Dendrochronology

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Based on the fact that trees in dry climates tend to accumulate one growth ring per year

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Paleospecies

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Identified by physical similarities relative to other species

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taphonomy

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the study of what happens to plants and animals after they die

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Stable Isotope Analysis

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Analysis of the ratio of stable (nonradioactive) isotopes of elements such as carbon that provides information about ancient diet

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Experimental archeology

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Involves learning how to make and use tools in the present in order to shed some light on toolmaking and tool use in ancient times

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Precambrian

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A period that includes the first three of four eons, almost 90% of the Earth's 4.6 billion year history

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Hadean Eon

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4,600-3,800 MA covers the time from the origin of the earth prior to any fossil evidence

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Archean Eon

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(3,800-2500 MA) is characterized by fossil evidence for the first forms of life, single celled organisms

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Proterozoic Era

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(2,500-525 ma) there was a transition to an oxygen atmosphere and the first simple multi-celled organisms appeared

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Phanerozoic Eon

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Covers the last 542 million years and is characterized by rapid origin and continued evolution of more complex life forms. Broken into three eras: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic

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Paleozoic Era

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542-251 mya. When the first vertebrates appeared

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Therapsids

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An early group of mammal-like reptiles, ancestor of later mammals. Declined after the dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era

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Mesozoic Era

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The second geologic era of the Phanerozoic Era of the Phanerozoic eon, dating from 251 to 65.5 mya. When the dinosaurs were dominant and when mammals and birds appeared

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Cenozoic Era

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The third and most recent geologic era of the Phanerozoic eon, dating to the last 65.5 Ma. Primate and human evolution occurs during Cenozoic era

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Epoch

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Subdivison of a period

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Insectivores

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An order of mammals adapted to insect eating

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Paleocene Epoch

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Evidence of primate like mammals appeared during this 65.5-55.8 mya

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Postorbital Bar

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A bony ring separating the orbit of the eye from back of the skull, primates have this.

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Eocene epoch

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The second epoch of the Cenozoic Era between 55.8-39 mya, the first true primates appeared, the primitive prosimians

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Carpolestes Simpsoni

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A primate like mammal that lived in Wyoming between 56-55 mya. Had a grasping foot, and opposable big toe.

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Oligocene Epoch

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The third Epoch of the Cenozoic era dating between 33.9- 23 mya. Anthropoids underwent an adaptive radiation during Oligocene

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Postcranial

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Referring to that part of the skeleton below the skulls

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Proconsul

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One early Miocene hominid appeared to have had evolutionary significance, lived in Africa 21-14 mya. A number of monkey characteristics

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Diastema

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A gap next to the canine tooth that allows space for the canine on the opposing jaw

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Morotopithecus

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A genus of fossil ape that lived in africa twenty mya and whose postcranial anatomy was similar in a number of ways to that of living apes

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Sivapithecus

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A genus of fossil ape that lived in Asia between 14 and 7 mya possible an ancestor to modern orangutans

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Molecular Dating

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The application methods of genetic analysis to estimate methods the sequence and timing of divergent evolutionary lines

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Dryopithecus

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A genus of fossil ape that lived in Europe during the Middle and late Miocene. This form had cranial traits that suggest one may have been an ancestor of African apes and humans

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Explain the theory of Mosaic

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Evolution is a mosaic, major evolutionary changes tend to take place in stages not all at once. Lots of intermediate forms that lack some or many of the modern characters, challenging to connect ancient forms with modern species

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Visual predation model

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Stereoscopic vision and grasping hands first evolved as adaptations for hunting insects along branches. Presented by Cartmill

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Sussman's hypothesis

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Primate origins might relate to eating fruit rather than insects, grasping fruit

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Adaptive Radiation

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A rapid evolution radiation characterized by the increase in the morphological and ecological diversity of a single, rapidly diversifying language

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Molecular Dating

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estimating the sequence and timing of the divergence of evolutionary lines by genetic analysis
-if the rate of evolution is constant then we can predict the time at which two species split from common ancestor

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What did Sarich and Wilson do?

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They used differences in albumin protein between the great apes and monkeys and they found that the difference between humans and African apes is `1/6th that of OWM or NWM