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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chromosomal mutations
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Changes in the structure of the chromosome.
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Deletion
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When part of a chromosome breaks and a piece is lost.
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Duplication
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When part of a chromosome breaks off and becomes attached to it's homologous chromosome.
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Translocation
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When part of a chromosome breaks off and becomes attached to a nonhomologous chromosome.
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Inversion
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Part of a chromosome breaks off, turns around and reattaches in reverse order.
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Gene Mutations:
Frameshift Mutations |
Caused by the addition or deletions of nucleotides. Alters order in which the mRNA bases are read.
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Point Mutations
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Caused by a change in only one single nucleotide.
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Jumping genes
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When large pieces of DNA are inserted into a gene.
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Cancer
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Uncontrolled, abnormal cell division. Cancer can result when a mutation affects the genes that control cell growth.
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Oncogene
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a gene that causes a cell to become cancerous.
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Promoter
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This causes the gene to be copied more often and more growth factor is produced.
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Mutagen
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A factor in the environment that can cause mutation.
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Radiation
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nuclear rays, UV rays, X-rays,Cosmic rays
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Ames Test
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A test for possible carcinogens. Bacteria are treated with the suspected carcinogen.
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Protein Synthesis
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The process by which organism's genotype is translated into it's phenotype.
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RNA
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A single-stranded nucleic acid that is involved in protein synthesis.
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1. Messenger RNA
2. Transfer RNA 3. Ribosomal RNA. |
The three types of RNA
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Introns
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DNA in eukaryotic cells that contain regions that do not code for proteins.
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Exons
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The sections of DNA and RNA that do contain codes for proteins.
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Codon
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A three-base section of mRNA. Most codons carry a code for a specific amino acid.
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Anticodon
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A sequence of three bases found on tRNA. Each tRNA carries only one anticodon.
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Repressor
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A protein that binds to DNA, turning off the genes that code for the digestive enzymes.
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Mutation
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Growth factor gene. Causes a change in protein production.
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Carcinogen
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A substance that tends to cause cancer. Many mutations are also carcinogens.
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Selective Breeding
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The breeding of organisms to produce certain desired traits in their offspring.
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Inbreeding
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The crossing of organisms that have a similar genotype.
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Outbreeding
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The crossing of distantly related organisms. Animals from a different species.
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Karyotype
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A photograph of all of an organisms chromosomes. It is used by scientists to learn more about chromosomes.
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Clone
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A clone is a product or offspring that is genetically identical to it's parent.
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