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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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German composer whose main work was the English oratorio Messiah in 1742
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Handel
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German organist and composer during the 1720's
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Bach
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British religious leader who founded Methodism in 1738 almost accidentally because he urged his followers to keep within the Church of England
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Wesley
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An Austrian physician who created a stir in Paris by arranging seances where people were touched by a wand, or sat in tubs, to receive "animal magnetism" to cure their illness; he founded the first form of hypnotism
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Mesmer
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French writer who translated Newton and explained the significance of the new theories in her scientific essays
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Emilie du Chatelet
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A woman who beginning around 1750 organized conversations of artists and writers at dinner, sometimes helping them financially, and introducing them to persons of influence in high society or government
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Madame de Geoffrin
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Eminent philosophe in 1795 who opened or reopened their salons in Paris for people of moderate republican or liberal sentiments
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Helvetius
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Born in 1694, given the name Francois-Marie Arouet and spent his young adulthood writing epigrams, tradies in verse, and an epic. Later he began to focus on philosophy and came to the conclusion that belief in a supernatural revelation made people intolerant, stupid, and cruel
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Voltaire
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Swiss philosopher and writer who thought individuals are essentially good but are corrupted by society. His most famous work is The Social Contract in 1762
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Rousseau
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A landed aristocrat who wrote "The Spirit of Laws" in 1748 who developed two principal ideas: that government varied according to climate and that their should be a separation of powers
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Montesquieu
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A Physiocrat who was the physician to Louis XV
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Quesnay
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Economist whose main purpose was to increase the national wealth by the reduction of barriers that hindered its growth. He attached mercantilism and and became the philosopher of the free market and the prophet of free trade
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Smith
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German composer whose main work was the English oratorio Messiah in 1742
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Handel
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A later philisophe who became an active figure in the French Revolution and wrote the great testament to the Enlightenment in his "Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind"
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Condorcet
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An early stage in the discovery of hypnosis
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Mesmerism
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German organist and composer during the 1720's
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Bach
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Took form in England, where a group of people who held typical Enlightenment views, and were advocate of progress although they met secretly and in an atmosphere of mysterious rituals and occult lodges
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Freemasonry
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British religious leader who founded Methodism in 1738 almost accidentally because he urged his followers to keep within the Church of England
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Wesley
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Means "the enlightened ones", thought to be a conspiracy group that was highly dangerous
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Illuminati
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Written by Montesquie published in 1748 which published his two main ideas about government and balance of powers
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The Spirit of Laws
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An Austrian physician who created a stir in Paris by arranging seances where people were touched by a wand, or sat in tubs, to receive "animal magnetism" to cure their illness; he founded the first form of hypnotism
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Mesmer
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Philosophy by Rosseu which said the social contract was an understanding by which all individuals surrendered their natural liberty to each other, fusing their individual wills into a combined substance
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The General Will
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French writer who translated Newton and explained the significance of the new theories in her scientific essays
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Emilie du Chatelet
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Political doctrine where different branches are separated so that no branch has more power than the others
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Separation of Powers
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A woman who beginning around 1750 organized conversations of artists and writers at dinner, sometimes helping them financially, and introducing them to persons of influence in high society or government
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Madame de Geoffrin
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Eminent philosophe in 1795 who opened or reopened their salons in Paris for people of moderate republican or liberal sentiments
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Helvetius
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A group of people in France who were apart from the philosophes and whom their critics called "economists," a word originally thought to be insulting. This group tended to have ties to the government as administrators and advisers
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Physiocrats
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Born in 1694, given the name Francois-Marie Arouet and spent his young adulthood writing epigrams, tradies in verse, and an epic. Later he began to focus on philosophy and came to the conclusion that belief in a supernatural revelation made people intolerant, stupid, and cruel
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Voltaire
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Swiss philosopher and writer who thought individuals are essentially good but are corrupted by society. His most famous work is The Social Contract in 1762
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Rousseau
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A landed aristocrat who wrote "The Spirit of Laws" in 1748 who developed two principal ideas: that government varied according to climate and that their should be a separation of powers
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Montesquieu
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The belief that the Enlightenment was meant for all people and that reason was predominant to all else
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The Idea of Progress
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King of France from 1715-1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War
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Louis XV
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King of Prussia from 1740-1786 who spent his reign peacefully, writing memoirs and histories, rehabilitating his shattered country, promoting agriculture and industry, replenishing his treasury, drilling his army, and assimilating his huge conquest of Silesia
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Frederick the Great
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Queen of Hungary and Bohemia in 1740-1780 whose reign included many reforms and the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War
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Maria Theresa
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Son to Maria Theresa who later took reign over Hungary and Bohemia and abolished serfdom, decreed absolute equality of taxation, and decreed equal punishment for all
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Joseph II
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French economist who was appointed controller general under Louis XVI in 1774, but was dismissed after proposing reforms that were unpopular with the aristocracy
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Turgot
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A secular, rational, and reformist idea which differed from absolutism in the fact that leaders were not chosen by divine intervention
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Enlightened Despotism
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Parlements established by Louis XV where the judges had no property rights in their seats but became salaried officials appointed by the crown with assurances of secure tenure and they were forbidden to reject government edicts or to pass on their constitutionality
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Maupeou Parlements
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A kind of land tax in France during the 18th century which was generally paid only by peasants
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Taille
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Quote by Louis XV in the 18th century which sufficiently characterizes his personal attitude to conditions in France
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"Apres moi, Ie deluge,"
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German woman who became Empress of Russia. She approached political issues with a strong practical sense and great energy and also incorporated certain enlightened reforms and eventually became one of the main builders of modern Russia
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Catherine the Great
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A former solider who in 1773 claimed to be the late Peter III and led one of the most violent peasant uprisings in the history of Russia
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Pugachev
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Advisory and alleged lover to Catherine the Great of Russia who established numerous towns and fortresses in Crimea
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Potemkin
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A famous phrase created by enemies of Potemkin which means bogus evidence of a nonexistant prosperity
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Potemkin Village
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Members of militaristic communities living in Ukraine and southern Russia
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Don Cossack
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A city of southern Ukraine near the Black Sea, which was captured by Russia in the 1790s and made their main seaport
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Odessa
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Leader of a revolutionary political movement in 1794 which included a proposed abolition of serfdom. It was later crushed in the general European counterrevolution when Russian and Prussian armies again invaded Poland
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Kosciusko
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A degrading term for Polish reformers used by Catherine the Great
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Jacobins
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English historian who most resembled the French philosophes and was moderate in his political idea
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Gibbon
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Scottish philosopher who most resembled the French philosophes and was moderate in his political idea
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Hume
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A journalist and member of Parliament who vehemently attacked the policies of King George III and was therefore expelled from the House of Commons; his expulsion was the jump-start for the English reform movement
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Wilkes
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The first British governor general in India, he was high-handed with some of the Indian princes and made many enemies among English residents and was later impeached but finally acquitted after seven hears. he was the main author of British supremacy in India
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Hastings
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British politician and writer who pleaded the cause of the American colonists in Parliament and was key in developing the notions of party responsibility and a loyal opposition within the parliamentary system
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Burke
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Also called the "Atlantic Revolution" since in all the diversity of these upheavals, from the American Revolution to those of 1848, certain principles of the modern democratic society were in one way or another affirmed
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Age of Democratic Revolutions
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A Gael inhabiting or residing in the Highlands of Scotland
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Highlanders
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A series of uprisings, rebellions, and wars in England, Scotland, and Ireland between 1688 and 1746. The uprisings were aimed at James VII of Scotland and II of England
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Jacobite Revolution
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The concept that a legislative body is supreme to all other government institutions, may change or repeal any prior legislative acts
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Parliamentary Sovereignty
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Published a pamphlet in 1776 which made his debut as a kind of international revolutionary who detested English society because of it's injustices and encouraged colonists to break off from European rule
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Thomas Paine
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American military leader and the first President of the United States Commander of the American forces in the Revolutionary War from 1775-1783, and presided over the Second Constitutional Convention
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George Washington
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The third President of the United States from 1801-1809, also a member of the second Continental Congress, and drafted the Declaration of Independence yet was also a political philosopher, educator, and architect
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Thomas Jefferson
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Enacted by Parliament in 1774 it provided a government for the newly conquered Canadian French, granting them security in their French civil law and Catholic religion and laying foundations for the British Empire that was to come
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Quebec Act
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Enacted by Parliament which taxed stamps and official documents, but was repealed in 1766 due to violent resistance
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Stamp Act
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The pamphlet written by Thomas Paine which encouraged colonists to break off from European rule
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Common Sense
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Either of two legislative congresses during and after the Revolutionary War. The first petitioned the British government for a redress of grievances. The second issued the Declaration of Independence and established the Articles of Confederation.
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Continental Congresses
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Adopted on July 4, 1776 where the United States assumed its separate and equal station among the powers of the earth
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Declaration of Independence
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The turning battle during the American Revolution, where French arms came to assist in colonies in defeating Britain
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Battle of Saratoga
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