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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cellular reproduction |
production of new cells by splitting the parent cell into 2 daughter cells |
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daughter cells |
are identical to the original parent cell |
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2 important processes of cellular reproduction |
growth cell division |
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how do daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare to the parent cell |
they have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA ( identical ) |
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how is DNA packaged so it can be passed to the daughter cells |
chromatin condenses into a set of chromosomes |
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histones |
are protein molecules |
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nucleosomes |
a set of 8 histones chromatin wraps itself around |
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why do cells need histones and nucleosomes |
with them chromatin fit better inside the nucleus |
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when are chromosomes easily visible |
during mitosis using a light microscope |
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sister chromatids |
duplicated chromosomes compared of 2 identical halves |
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Centromere |
holds together sister chromatids |
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3 phases of cell cycle |
interphase mitosis cytokinesis |
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what phase last the longest |
interphase |
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3 stages of interphase |
G1 S G2 |
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G1 |
DNA synthesis |
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S |
DNA is replicated |
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G2 |
cell synthesizes proteins needed for cell division |
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G0 |
some cells will not undergo cell division. nerve cells divide and muscle cells ell only divide to repair damage |
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4 phases of mitosis |
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase |
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spindle |
part of the cyroskelton made of microtubules, pulls apart chromatids |
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plant cells |
have centrosomes but lack centrioles |
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animal cells |
each centrosomes has 2 centrioles and an aster |
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aster |
array of microtubules |
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what happens if mitosis occurs but cytokinesis doesn't |
the cells will have multi nuclei |
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cell cycle is controlled by ____ |
internal and external signals |
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internal signals |
control g1 and g2 |
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external signals |
stimulate cell to go through the cell cycle |
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G1 checkpoint |
cells are committed to divide |
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G2 checkpoint |
cell verified duplication of DNA |
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Mitosis stage checkpoint |
checks to make sure chromosomes are correctly attached to spindle |
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cyclins |
internal signals that control passage from g1 to see and g2 to mitosis |
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kinases |
enzymes that remove a phosphate from ATP and add it to another molecule on/off switch |
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apotipsis |
programmed cell death |
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the necleolus and the nuclear envelope are distinct and the chromosomes are in the form of threadlike chromatin |
interphase |
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chromosomes appear condensed, and the nuclear envelope is not apparent |
prophase |
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thick , coiled chromosomes, each with two chromatids, lined up on the _____ plate |
metaphase |
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chromatids of each chromosome have separated and are moving toward poles |
anaphase |
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chromosomes at poles and are becoming more diffuse. nuclear envelope is reforming, cytoplasm may be dividing |
telophase |
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division into 2 daughter cells is complete |
cytokinesis |
