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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the two circulatory circuits in the body and how do they differ |
systemic pulmonic |
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what are the 4 chambers of the heart |
right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle |
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why is the left ventricle more muscular than the other heart chambers |
because this chamber is responsible for delivering blood throughout the body to all the cells and tissues |
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why does the heart require an ongoing supply of oxygen |
because it is a highly aerobic organ |
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what is an artery |
vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
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what is a vein |
vessels that carry blood toward the heart |
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what is a capillary |
smallest vessels in the body where cellular respiration occurs |
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what chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs |
right ventricle |
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what circuit pumps blood to the lungs |
pulmonary circuit
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what chamber pumps blood to the body |
left ventricle |
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what is the circuit the pumps blood to the body |
systemic circuit |
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what is the pumping action of the heart called |
thoracic |
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what vessel is involved in moving blood to the lungs |
pulmonary artery
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what is the vessel called that carries blood from the lungs to the left ventricle |
pulmonary vein |
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what are the vessels called that empty blood from the body into the right atrium |
superior vena cava inferior vena cava |
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where is the electrical impulse generated in the healthy heart |
sinoatrial node |
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what are the two pulses called at the feet |
dorsalis pedis posterior tibialis |
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what is the major artery at the hand |
radial pulse |
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what accounts for blood return back to the heart |
movement and one-way valves found in veins |
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why do veins have valves |
to prevent back-flow |
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what protein does oxygen bind to on red blood cells |
hemoglobin |
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what is atherosclerosis |
results in arterial wall thickening as a result of the accumulation of calcium and fatty materials within the arterial walls. it reduces the elasticity of the arterial walls and decreases the arterial lumen's diameter thereby decreasing blood flow through the vessel. this process restricts blood supply to tissues and increases blood pressure |
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what are atherosclerotic risk factors |
smoking gender age high blood pressure family history diabetes diet weight exercise |
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what is hypertensions |
a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. blood pressure is summarised by two measuremenst, systolic and diastolic, which depend on whether the heart muscle is constricting or relaxed between beats. normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100-140mmhg systolic. and 60-90 mmhg diastolic. high blood pressure is said to be present if it is often at or above 140/90 mmhg |
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what are risk factors for hypertension |
major risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke aneurysms of arteries causes of chronic kidney disease |
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why is hypertension a serious problem |
it is considered a silent killer |
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what is hypertensive crisis |
180/110 mmhg |
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what is coronary artery disease |
a disease of the heart's arterial blood vessels results in decrease or absence of blood flow to heart |
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what does ischemia mean |
a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism |
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what causes ischemia |
reduction of blood flow |
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what conditions are associated with acute coronary syndrome |
chest pain radiating to the left arm/angle of the jaw pressure line in character nausea and sweating angia pectoris myocardinal infarction |
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what is the difference between angina pectoris and a myocardinal infarction |
angina resolves and does not result in cardiac death. MI causes progressive death of cardiac cells with no resolution |
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why does the pain of angina pectoris go away when the patient rests |
oxygen is reduced |
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what are the signs and symptoms of an acute coronary syndrome |
chest pain or discomfort - heaviness, squeezing, crushing pain that radiates to the left arm and jaw difficulty breathing, shortness of breath unusual pulse (rapid, weak, slow, irregular) indigestion, nausea, vomitting sweating pale, gray, cyanotic skin or mucous membrane a feeling of impending dome anxiety or irritability |
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what does infraction mean |
death
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what are the hard signs of acute coronary syndrome |
persistent pain, pressure or discomfort in chest, neck and left shoulder difficulty breathing change in pulse rate pale, bluish or moist skin sudden onset of heavy sweating excessive sweating nausea or vomiting anxiety or irritability |
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what are the soft signs of acute coronary syndrome |
mild unfocussed chest pain tiredness gastric discomfort flu-like symptoms may be no pain at all: silent MI |
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What are the 4 consequences of a myocardial infarction (MI) |
sudden death - most die within 2 hours of first signs and symptoms shock - if 40% or more of the left ventricle is damaged the heart cannot pump the proper amount of blood to the body. shock usually begins with 24 hours with a mortility of 80% congestive heart failure - develops after a heart attack. causes a buildup of fluid in the lungs cardiac arrhythmias - abnormal heart rhythms that occur because of damage to the electrical conduction system in the heart |
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why is aspirin given to a patient with symptoms suggestive of an acute coronary syndrome |
stops the clotting of the blood causes lower blood pressure |
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what is the classification of ASA |
anticoagulant antiplatelet |
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what is the supply of ASA |
325 mg |
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what are indications of ASA |
acute coronary syndrome |
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what is the dose of ASA |
Adult: 160-325 mg chewed |
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what are the contraindications of ASA |
hypersensitivity bleeding disorders acute asthmatic attack unconsciousness unable to chew or swallow |
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are you allowed to give ASA for any other complaint: such as pain, headache or fever |
no. right reason is important. only pain related to the heart |
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what does heart failure mean |
failure of the heart to pump effectively |
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what are the causes of heart failure |
left ventricle is so damaged it cannot keep up with blood flow |
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why does heart failure often include the word congestive: as a congestive heart failure |
the left ventricle fail, the lungs eventually become congested with fluids |
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what are the signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF) |
shortness of breath increases respiratory rate and heart rate pale cool clammy skin history of severe shortness of breath occurring at night when the person is supine crackles - wet-sounding lungs on auscultation cyanosis coughing up foamy, blood-tinged sputum wheezing panic, restlessness, agitation, anxiety |
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what side of the heart fails for congestive heart failure to occure |
the left side |
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why does the patient with left-sided heart failure or CHF have pulmonary crackles |
pulmonary edema |
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is congestive heart failure a cardiac or respiratory problem |
respiratory |
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what is your focus on treatment? cardiac or respiratory |
respiratory |
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what causes right sided heart failure |
occurs because of left sided heart failure |
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why does a patient with right sided heart failure have jugular venous distention |
build up of fluid expands veins and back pressure |
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why does the patient with right sided heart failure have peripheral or dependent edema |
it causes pooling of fluid in the tissues, swelling of extermities |
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what are the signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure |
fatigue may be secondary to chronic pulmonary problems distended jugular veins anorexia and complaints of GI distress weight gain dependent edema enlarged liver and spleen |
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what does cardiac arrest mean |
complete cessation of cardiac activity |
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what causes cardiac arrest |
hypersensitivity reactions drowning suffocation certain drugs chest trauma severe blood loss plectrocution |
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what are the different CPR ratios |
Adult - 30:2 peds - 30:2 team - 15:2 newborn - 30:2 |
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why is it unnecessary to check the pulse during cpr |
wastes time |
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when would you not perform CPR
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properly prepared DNR obvious non-survivable injuries gross evisceration hemicoporectomy decapitation rigor mortis live mortis putre fecation - decomposed |
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when would you stop CPR |
other trained rescurers/advanced medical care arrives too exhausted scene becomes unsafe heart starts breathing analyze of AED |
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what are the two shockable rhythms identified by an AED |
ventricular tachycarida ventricular filbrillation |
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using an AED, how often would you shock a person with hypothermia |
once |
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do nipple rings need to be removed
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no |
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what do you do with transdermal patches |
remove patches |
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where would you place adult pads on a child or infant |
one on front and one on back |
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what is a stroke |
sudden loss of brain function |
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what are the different types of stroke |
ischemic stroke heorrhagic stroke |
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would you ever give aspirin to a patient presenting with a stroke |
aspirin is an anticoagulant which would prevent clotting. if a person is having a hemorragic stroke, they could die |
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what is a hemorrhagic stroke |
repture of blood vessels in the brain |
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why is a hemorrhagic stroke life threatening |
death of the brain cells by depriving the cells of oxygen/nutrients and compression of brain tissue |
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what does a stroke do to the pressure in the crainal cavity |
builds pressure |
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what is a transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
a stroke that resolves |
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when is a stroke a TIA |
when its caused by a temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain |
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what are the signs and symptoms of a stroke or TIA |
weakness trouble speaking vision problems headache dizziness |
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what side do you turn a patient with a stroke of TIA
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unaffected side |
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what would you do if you heard gurgling coming from a stroke patients airway |
suction |
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what is an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) |
progressive eventually fatal condition which develops in people with hypertension and atherosclerosis |
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what causes an AAA |
high pressure of atherosclerosis |
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what should you not do if you notice and AAA |
palpate abdomen |
