Chapter 8

Front 1

cervic/o

Back 1

cervix

Front 2

chori/o, chorion/o

Back 2

chorion

Front 3

colp/o

Back 3

vagina

Front 4

culd/o

Back 4

cul-de-sac

Front 5

episi/o

Back 5

vulva

Front 6

galact/o

Back 6

milk (1)

Front 7

hyster/o

Back 7

uterus/womb

Front 8

lact/o

Back 8

milk (2)

Front 9

mast/o

Back 9

breast

Front 10

men/o

Back 10

menses/menstruation

Front 11

metr/o, metri/o

Back 11

uterus

Front 12

my/o, myom/o

Back 12

muscle/muscle tumor

Front 13

o/o, ov/o, ovul/o

Back 13

egg

Front 14

oophor/o

Back 14

ovary

Front 15

salping/o

Back 15

fallopian tubes

Front 16

-arche

Back 16

beginning

Front 17

-cyesis

Back 17

pregnancy

Front 18

-gravida

Back 18

pregnant

Front 19

-parous

Back 19

bearing, bringing forth

Front 20

-tocia

Back 20

labor, birth

Front 21

-version

Back 21

act of turning

Front 22

dys-

Back 22

painful

Front 23

endo-

Back 23

within

Front 24

multi-

Back 24

many

Front 25

nulli-

Back 25

no, not, none

Front 26

primi-

Back 26

first

Front 27

chorion

Back 27

outermost layer surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta

Front 28

coitus

Back 28

sexual intercourse

Front 29

corpus luteum

Back 29

empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell

Front 30

gamete

Back 30

sperm cell or ovum

Front 31

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Back 31

hormone produced by the placenta

Front 32

menarche

Back 32

first menstrual cycle

Front 33

menopause

Back 33

gradual ending of menstruation

Front 34

orifice

Back 34

an opening

Front 35

ovum (ova)

Back 35

mature egg cell

Front 36

parturition

Back 36

act of giving birth

Front 37

perineum

Back 37

area between anus and vagina

Front 38

zygote

Back 38

stage in prenatal development from fertilization to implantation (up to two weeks)

Front 39

carcinoma of the cervix

Back 39

invasive cancer of the uterine cervix, commonly involves the vagina, parametria, and the pelvic side walls. Associated with genital infection by oncogenic strains of human papilloma virus (HPV)

Front 40

cervicitis

Back 40

inflammation of the cervix

Front 41

chronic cervicitis

Back 41

characterized by the inflammation of the cervix without an identified pathogen

Front 42

endometrial cancer

Back 42

uterine cancer (most common gynecologic malignancy)

Front 43

menometrorrhagia

Back 43

excessive uterine bleeding at and between menstrual periods

Front 44

endometriosis

Back 44

heterotopic islands of endometrium found in many locations

Front 45

fibroids

Back 45

benign tumors of the uterus originating from smooth muscle cells

Front 46

leimyoma

Back 46

medical term for a fibroid (tumor/mass of the smooth muscle)

Front 47

ovarian carcinoma

Back 47

cancer of the ovaries and the second most common gynecologic malignancy but leading cause of gynecologic cancer death

Front 48

CA-125

Back 48

tumor marker for ovarian carcinoma

Front 49

ovarian cysts

Back 49

when an ovarian follicle fails to rupture during follicular maturation, ovulation does not occur and this may develop

Front 50

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Back 50

pelvic infection that is associated with other STDs such as gonorrhea or chlamydia

Front 51

carcinoma of the breast

Back 51

breast cancer

Front 52

screening mammography

Back 52

has been shown to permit early diagnosis of breast cancer and to reduce deaths from breast cancer

Front 53

BRCA1/2

Back 53

genetic test to determine the predeterminance for developing breast cancer

Front 54

invasive ductal carcinoma

Back 54

the most common type of breast cancer

Front 55

estrogen receptor (ER)

Back 55

positive for this receptor protein means that the tumor will respond to hormonal therapy

Front 56

Her-2/neu

Back 56

the receptor protein that signals a high risk of tumor reoccurrence

Front 57

triple negative tumors

Back 57

the most aggressive type of breast cancer because it lacks estrogen, progesterone, and Her-2/neu

Front 58

fibrocystic breast disease

Back 58

the formation of cysts in the breast tissue that occurs in at least 50% of all women

Front 59

abruptio placentae/placental abruption

Back 59

when the placenta separates from the wall of the uterus and the biggest sign is painful, dark red bleeding

Front 60

placenta previa

Back 60

this is where the placenta has implanted at an abnormal location over or in close proximity to the cervix

Front 61

complete/total placenta previa

Back 61

the entire cervical os is covered

Front 62

partial placenta previa

Back 62

the margin of the placenta lies adjacent to the internal os

Front 63

marginal placenta previa

Back 63

the edge of the placenta lies adjacent to the internal os

Front 64

low lying placenta previa

Back 64

the placenta is located near but not directly adjacent to the internal os

Front 65

pelvic rest

Back 65

no excessively heavy lifting and no intercourse

Front 66

preeclampsia

Back 66

the development of hypertension with proteinurea or edema (or both) induced by pregnancy

Front 67

eclampsia

Back 67

all the symptoms of preeclampsia along with the presence of convulsions (seizures) which are not caused by neurologic disease

Front 68

down sydrome

Back 68

trisomy 21. Results in mental retardation, retarded growth, flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes

Front 69

erythroblastosis fetalis

Back 69

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

Front 70

hyaline membrane disease/respiratory distress syndrome

Back 70

can result in respiratory problems in the neonate. This is typically secondary to a lack of protein in the lining of lung tissue which causes the collapse of the lung

Front 71

hydrocephalus

Back 71

accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain

Front 72

meconium aspiration syndrome

Back 72

when the meconium (fecal material) is passed in utero or during labor and the fetus breathes it in

Front 73

pyloric stenosis

Back 73

narrowing of part of the stomach (the pylorus) that leads into the small intestine that occurs because the muscle around the pylorus has grown too large

Front 74

pyloromyotomy

Back 74

incision of the muscle of the pylorus used to treat pyloric stenosis

Front 75

pap smear

Back 75

cells are scraped from the cervix and examined under a microscope to check for disease or other problems

Front 76

pregnancy test

Back 76

test of the blood or urine to detect the presence of HCG

Front 77

hysterosalpingography

Back 77

test that is part of the basic infertility evaluation where radiographic contrast is injected into the uterine cavity to determine whether the tubes are open or blacked and their anatomical location on the uterus

Front 78

mammography

Back 78

breast x-ray that is the most effective way to detect breast cancer

Front 79

screening mammograms

Back 79

a routine procedure used to examine women who have no evidence of breast cancer and consists of two views of each breast

Front 80

diagnostic mammogram

Back 80

used to examine a specific area of the breast when an abnormality has been found that includes special views and additional angles

Front 81

breast ultrasound

Back 81

used to distinguish fluid-filled (cystic) from solid masses and helps guide cyst aspiration and fine-needle biopsy

Front 82

breast MRI

Back 82

MRI of the breast that is useful in younger women with dense breasts or is often ordered in patients with breast cancer as a follow-up

Front 83

pelvic ultrasonography

Back 83

sending of sound waves through the body

Front 84

aspiration (fine needle aspiration)

Back 84

fluid is withdrawn by suction from a cavity or a sac with a needle

Front 85

cauterization

Back 85

the process of destroying tissue by chemical corrosion or electricity, or by heating or freezing it

Front 86

LEEP

Back 86

loop electrocautery excision procedure

Front 87

bovie

Back 87

instrument with a metal tip that conducts electricity that is used for cauterization

Front 88

colposcopy

Back 88

a visual examination of the cervix that is used when the cervical appearance is abnormal or more commonly when the pap smear returns abnormal

Front 89

colposcope

Back 89

a large, electric microscope that is positioned approximately 30 cm from the patient's vagina that is used to the colposcopy

Front 90

cervical conization (cone biopsy/cold knife cone biopsy)

Back 90

using a scalpel or a laser, a cone shaped piece of the cervix is removed for analysis. This is used as both a diagnostic and treatment tool to detect and treat abnormalities of the cervix

Front 91

cryosurgery

Back 91

freezing of the abnormal cells

Front 92

culdocentesis

Back 92

checks for abnormal fluid in the space that is just behind the vagina

Front 93

cul-de-sac

Back 93

space that is just behind the vagina

Front 94

dilation and curettage (D&C)

Back 94

an operation that involves opening the cervix and emptying the uterus by suction

Front 95

exenteration

Back 95

removal of internal organs

Front 96

pelvic exenteration

Back 96

removal of the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, bladder, rectum, and lymph nodes

Front 97

tubal ligation

Back 97

operation which blocks the tubes carrying a woman's egg to her uterus (most commonly used method of birth control)

Front 98

apgar score

Back 98

initial evaluation of the newborn at 1 and 5 minutes that was designed as a quick assessment of the newborn to determine the need for resuscitation (appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration)

Front 99

cesarean section

Back 99

obstetrician makes an incision in a woman's abdomen and uterus and removes the baby through it

Front 100

fetal monitoring

Back 100

watching the baby's heart rate for indicators of stress, usually during labor and birth

Front 101

fetoscope

Back 101

special type of stethoscope used for listening to a baby

Front 102

doppler

Back 102

handheld ultrasound device that transmits the sounds of the baby's heart rate

Front 103

electronic fetal monitoring (EFM)

Back 103

ultrasound device used during labor and birth, or during certain testing, to record the baby's heart rate and the mother's contractions

Front 104

internal fetal monitoring

Back 104

electrode attached to the baby's head to record heart tones, and a pressure catheter to record contractions

Front 105

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Back 105

1. Uses hormones that stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple follicles

2. The eggs are collected and inseminated

3. Fertilized eggs develop into embryos

4. Embryos are then transferred to the uterus

Front 106

pelvimetry

Back 106

measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis to determine her capacity for delivery (done during the first prenatal examination and during labor)

Front 107

hysteroscopy

Back 107

looking into the cavity of the uterus with a small "scope"

Front 108

intrauterine device (IUD)

Back 108

a method of birth control that prevents the implantation of the fertilized egg (usually hormonal or copper)

Front 109

oral contraceptives

Back 109

these increase the level of estrogen and progesterone which signals the pituitary gland to decrease the secretion of FSH and LH. Without FSH and LH, the ovaries will not release eggs, thus preventing pregnancy.