Chapter 8

Front 1

memory

Back 1

the persistence of learning over time, through the storage and retrieval of info and skills

Front 2

recall

Back 2

"fill in the blank"

you retrieve info previously learned and unconsciously stored

Front 3

recognition

Back 3

"multiple choice"

you identify which stimuli match your stored information

Front 4

relearning

Back 4

a measure of how much less work it takes you to learn information you have studied before, even if you don't recall having seen the info before

Front 5

three steps to memorizing

Back 5

encoding - the information gets into our brain in a way that allows it to be stored

storage - the information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved

retrieval - reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a form similar to what was encoded

Front 6

classic Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Back 6

1. stimuli are recorded by our sensed and held briefly in sensory memory

2. some of this info is processed into short term me memory and encoded through rehearsal

--working memory in short term, not rehearsal

3. info then moves into long term memory, where it can be retrieved later

- automatic processing - some info goes strait from the sensory experience into ling term memory

Front 7

working memory 's functions

Back 7

auditory rehearsal - repeating a password to memorize it

executive function - choosing what to attend to, respond to

visospatial sketchpad - rearranging room furniture in your mind

Front 8

effortful processing

Back 8

explicit memories are formed through studying, rehearsing, thinking, processing, and then storing info in long term memory

Front 9

automatic processing

Back 9

implicit memories are formed without our awareness that we are building a memory and without rehearsal or other processing in working memories

Front 10

procedural memory

Back 10

such as knowing how to ride a bike, and well practiced knowledge such as word meanings

Front 11

conditioned association

Back 11

such as a smell that triggers thought of a favorite place

Front 12

sensory memory

Back 12

the immediate very brief recording of sensory info before it is processed into short term, working, or long term memory

Front 13

effortful processing strategy

Back 13

a way to encode info into memory to keep it from decaying and making it easier to retrieve

or

studying

Front 14

chunking

Back 14

organizing data into manageable units

Front 15

mnemonic

Back 15

memory trick that connect info to existing memory strengths such as imagery or structure

Front 16

peg word system

Back 16

technique of visually associating new words with an existing list that is already memorized along with numbers

Front 17

hierarch

Back 17

a branching set of categories and stub categories aka knowing what is important to remember and what isn't.

Front 18

mass practice

Back 18

cramming info all at once

Front 19

spacing effect

Back 19

you will develop better retention and recall, especially on the long run, if you use the same amount of study time spread out over many shorter sessions

Front 20

self reference effect

Back 20

relating material to ourselves , in turn aiding the encoding and retention of the info

Front 21

explicite memories

Back 21

also known as declarative ---facts, stories, and meanings of words such as the first time riding a bike, or facts about types of bicycles

- in the prenatal lobes

- storage is in the hippocampus

- much of the consolidating of this info happens during sleep

Front 22

implicit memories

Back 22

skills, procedures, and conditioned associations

- cerebellum formes and stores these responses

-basal ganglia - controls movement and forms and stores procedural memory and motor skills

Front 23

infantile amnesia

Back 23

the three year blank in our memories

Front 24

flashbulb memories

Back 24

emotionally intense events that become burned in as a vivid seeming memory

Front 25

synapses

Back 25

junctions between neurons of which the neurons release neurotransmitters to other neurons

Front 26

long term potential

Back 26

signals are sent across the synapse more efficiently

preventing this can prevent learning and even erase recent learning

Front 27

priming

Back 27

triggers a thread of associations that bring us to a concept

Front 28

mood congruent memory

Back 28

tendency to selectively recall details that are consistent with one's current mood

Front 29

serial position effect

Back 29

the tendency, when learning info in a long list, to more likely recall the first items (primacy effect) and the last items (recency effect)

Front 30

retrograde amnesia

Back 30

refers to the inability to retrieve memory of the past

- head injury or emotional trauma

Front 31

anterograde amnesia

Back 31

inability to form new long term declarative memories

Front 32

positive transfer

Back 32

old info makes it easier to learn relate new info

algebra makes calc easier

Front 33

proactive interference

Back 33

occurs when past info interferes with learning new info

Front 34

retroactive interference

Back 34

occurs when new stimuli interferes with the storage and retrieval of previously formed memories

Front 35

motivated forgetting

Back 35

choosing to forget or change our memories

Front 36

source amnesia

Back 36

forgetting where a story came from and attributing the source to your own experience