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196 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cerebr/o
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cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
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cerebell/o
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cerebellum (little brain)
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crani/o
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skull
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encephal/o
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entire brain
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esthesi/o
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sensation
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gangli/o
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ganglion (knot)
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gli/o
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glue
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gnos/o
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knowing
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kinesi/o
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movement
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lex/o
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word or phrase
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mening/o, meningi/o
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meninges (membrane)
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myel/o
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spinal cord or bone marrow
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narc/o
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stupor, sleep
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neur/o
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nerve
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phas/o
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speech
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phob/o
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exaggerated fear or sensitivity
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phor/o
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carry, bear
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phren/o, psych/o, thym/o
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mind
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schizo/o
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split
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somat/o
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body
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somn/o, somn/i, hypn/o
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sleep
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spin/o
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spine (thorn)
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spondyl/o, vertebr/o
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vertebra
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stere/o
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three dimensional or solid
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ton/o
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tone, tension
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tax/o
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order or coordination
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thalam/o
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thalamus (a room)
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top/o
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place
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ventricul/o
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ventricle (belly or pouch)
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cata-
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down
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-asthenia
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weakness
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-lepsy
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seizure
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-mania
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abnormal impulse toward
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-paresis
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slight paralysis
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-plegia
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paralysis
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central nervous system (CNS)
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brain and spinal cord
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brain
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portion of the ventral nervous system contained within the cranium
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cerebrum
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largest portion of the brain; divided into right and left halves, known as cerebral hemispheres, that are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum; lobes of the cerebrum are named after the skill bones they underlie
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frontal lobe
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anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality
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parietal lobe
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portion posterior to the frontal lobe, responsible for sensation such as pain, temperature, and touch
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temporal lobe
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portion that lies below the frontal lobe, responsible for hearing, taste, and smell
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occipital lobe
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portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes, responsible for vision
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cerebral cortex
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outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of fray matter, responsible for higher mental functions
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thalamus (diencephalon)
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each of two gray matter nuclei deep within the brain responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex
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gyri
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convolutions (mounds) of the cerebral hemispheres
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sulci
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shallow grooves that separate gyri
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fissures
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deep grooves in the brain
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cerebellum
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portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum, responsible for control coordination of skeletal muscles
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brainstem
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region of the brain that serves as a relay between the cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord; responsible for breathing, heart rate, and body temp; the three levels are the mesencephalon (mid brain), pons, and medulla oblongata
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ventricles
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series of interconnected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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plasma like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord
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spinal cord
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column of nervous tissue from brainstem through the vertebrae, responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and the body
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meninges
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three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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nerves that branch from the central nervous system, including nerves of the brain and spinal cord
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cranial nerves
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12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain
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spinal nerves
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31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
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sensory nerves
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nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory information to the brain; also called afferent nerves
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motor nerves
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nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands; also called efferent nerves
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autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and various glands
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hypothalamus
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control center for the autonomic nervous system located below the thalamus (diencephalon)
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sympathetic nervous system
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division of the ANS concerned primarily with preparing the body in stressful or emergency situations
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parasympathetic nervous system
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division of the ANS that is most active ordinary conditions; it counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience
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aphasia
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inability to speak
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dysphasia
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difficulty speaking
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coma
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a deep sleep
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delirium
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a state of mental confusion caused by disturbances in cerebral function
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dementia
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an impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion
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motor deficit
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loss or impairment of muscle function
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sensory deficit
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loss of impairment of sensation
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neuralgia
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pain along the course of a nerve
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paralysis
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temporary or permanent loss of motor control
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flaccid paralysis
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defective (flabby) or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion
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spastic paralysis
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stiff and awkward muscle control caused by a central nervous system disorder
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hemiparesis
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partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body
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sciatica
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pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve caused by compression or trauma of the nerve or its roots
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seizure
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sudden, transient disturbance in brain function resulting from abnormal firing of nerve impulse
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convulsion
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to pull together; type of seizure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles
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syncope
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fainting
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tactile stimulation
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evoking a response by touching
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hyperesthesia
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increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch or pain
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paresthesia
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abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause
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agnosia
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any of many types of loss of neurologic function involving interpretation of sensory information
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astereognosis
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inability to judge the form of an object by touch
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atopognosis
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inability to locate a sensation properly, such as locate a point touched on the body
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Alzheimer disease
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disease of structural changes in the brain resulting in an irreversible deterioration that progresses from forgetfulness and disorientation to loss of all intellectual functions, total disability, and death
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cerebral palsy (CP)
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condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth; characterized by partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination
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cerebrovascular disease
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disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain
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cerebral arteriosclerosis
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hardening of the arteries of the brain
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cerebral athersclerosis
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condition of lipid buildup within the blood vessels of the brain
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cerebral aneurysm
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dilation of a blood vessel in the brain
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cerebral thrombosis
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presence of a stationary clot in a blood vessel of the brain
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cerebral embolism
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obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus transported through the circulation
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cerebrovascular accident (CVA), stroke
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obstruction of a blood caused by cerebrovascular disease, occlusion of a blood vessel by an embolus or thrombus or intracranial hemorrhage after rupture of an aneurysm
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transient ischemic attack (TIA)
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brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain; usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurologic deficit; often precedes a CVA
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encephalitis
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inflammation of the brain
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epilepsy
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disorder affecting the central nervous system, characterized by recurrent seizures
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tonic-clonic
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stiffening-jerking, a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups; previously termed grand mal seizure
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absence
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seizure involving a brief loss of consciousness without motor involvement; previously termed petit mal (little bad) seizure
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glioma
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tumor of glial cells graded by degree of malignancy
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herniated disk (disc)
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protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
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herpes zoster
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viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following the affected nerves, usually unilateral; also known as shingles
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Huntington chorea, Huntington disease (HD)
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hereditary disease of the central nervous system characterized by bizarre involuntary body movements and progressive dementia
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hydrocephalus
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abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain as a result of developmental anomalies, infection, injury, or tumor
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meningioma
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benign tumor of the coverings of the brain
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meningitis
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inflammation of the meninges
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migraine headache
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paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attaches of mostly unilateral headache often accompanied by disordered vision, nausea, or vomiting, lasting hours or days, and caused by dilation of arteries
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multiple sclerosis
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disease of the central nervous system characterized by the demyelination (deterioration of the myelin sheath) of nerve fibers, with episodes of neurologic dysfunction (exacerbation) followed by recovery (remission)
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myasthenia gravis
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autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction causing a progressive decrease in muscle strength; activity resumes and strength returns after a period of rest
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myelitis
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inflammation of the spinal cord
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narcolepsy
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sleep disorder characterized by a sudden, uncontrollable need to sleep, attacks of paralysis, and dreams intruding while awake
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Parkinson disease, parkinsonism
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slowly progressive degeneration of nerves in the brain characterized by tremor, rigidity of muscles, and slow movements, usually occurring later in life
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plegia
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paralysis
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hemiplegia
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paralysis on one side of the body
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paraplegia
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paralysis from the waist down
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quadriplegia
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paralysis of all four limbs
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poliomyelitis
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inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
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polyneuritis
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inflammation involving two or more nerves, often caused by a nutritional deficiency such as lack of thiamine
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sleep apnea
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periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often causing snoring
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spina bifida
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congenital defect in the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches, often resulting in pouching of spinal membranes or tissue
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electroencephalogram (EEG)
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record of the minute electrical impulses of the brain, sued to identify neurologic conditions that affect brain function and level of consciousness
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evoked potentials
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minute electrical waves that are sorted out of ongoing EEG activity to diagnose auditory, visual, and sensory pathway disorders
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polysomnography
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recording of various aspects of sleep to diagnose sleep disorders
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lumbar puncture (LP)
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introduction of a specialized needle into the spine in the lumbar region for diagnostic or therapeutic purpose, such as to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for testing; also called spinal tap
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magnetic resonance imaging MRI
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non ionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields (MRI) and radio waves
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magnetic resonance agiography MRA
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magnetic resonance imaging of blood vessels
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intracranial MRA
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magnetic resonance image of the head to visualize the vessels of the circle of Willis
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extracranial MRA
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magnetic resonance image of the neck to visualize the carotid artery
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nuclear medicine imaging
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radionuclide organ imaging
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SPECT brain scan
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scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of the brain after administration of radioactive isotopes
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positron emission tomography
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technique combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of brain anatomy and corresponding physiology; used to study stroke, Alzheimer and more
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radiography
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x-ray imaging
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cerebral angiogram
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x-ray of blood vessels in the brain after intracarotid injections of contrast medium
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computed tomography
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cat scan
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myelogram
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x-ray of the spinal cord made after intraspinal injection of contrast medium
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reflex testing
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test performed to observe the body’s response to a stimulus
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deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
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involuntary contraction after percussion at a tendon +1 diminished +2 normal +3 brisk +4 hyperactive
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babinksi sign or reflex
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pathologic response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot; a positive sign indicated when the toes dorsiflex
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transcranial sonogram
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image made by sending ultrasound beams through the skull to assess blood flow in intracranial vessels; used in diagnosis and management of stroke and head trauma
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craniectomy
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excision of part of the skill to approach the brain
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craniotomy
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incision into the skill to approach the brain
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diskectomy
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removal of a herniated disk; often done percutaneously
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laminectomy
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excision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae to approach the spinal cord
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vertebral lamina
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flattened posterior portion of the vertebral arch
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microsurgery
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use of a microscope to dissect minute structures during surgery
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neuroplasty
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surgical repair of a nerve
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spondylosyndesis
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spinal fusion
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chemotherapy
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treatment of malignancies, infections and other disease with chemical agents to destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce
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radiation therapy
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treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to impede proliferation of malignant cells
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stereotactic (sterotaxic) radiosurgery
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radiation treatment to inactivate malignant lesion, using multiple, precise external radiation beams focused on a target with the aid of a sterotactic frame and imaging such as CT, MRI, or angiography; used to treat inoperable brain tumors and other lesions
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stereotactic (sterotaxic) frame
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mechanical device used to localize a point in space targeting a precise site
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analgesic
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agent that relieves pain
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anticonvulsant
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agent that prevents or lessens convulsions
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antidepressant
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agent that counteracts depression
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sedative
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agent that quiets nervousness
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hypnotic
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agent that induces sleep
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affect
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emotional feeling or mood
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flat affect
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significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction
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apathy
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a lack of interest or display of emotion
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catatonia
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a state of unresponsive to one’s outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate
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delusion
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persistent belied that has no basis of reality
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grandiose delusion
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a person’s false belief that he or she possesses great wealth, intelligence, or power
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persecutory delusion
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a person’s false belief that someone is plotting against him or her with intent to harm
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dysphoria
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a restless, dissatisfied mood
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euphoria
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an exaggerated, unfounded feeling of well-being
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hallucination
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a false perception of the sense for which there is no reality, most commonly hearing or seeing things
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ideation
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the formation of thoughts or ideas, for example, suicidal ideation
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mania
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state of abnormal elation and increased activity
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neurosis
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a psychologic condition in which anxiety is prominent
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psychosis
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a mental condition characterized by distortion of reality resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one’s environment
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though disorder
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though that lacks clear processing or logical direction
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major depression, major depression illness, clinical depression, major affective disorder, unipolar disorder
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a disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, sleep, activity, appetite, and social behavior
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dysthymia
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a milder affective disorder characterized by a chronic depression
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manic depression bipolar disorder (BD)
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affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression
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seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
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an affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur during the fall and winter and remit in the spring
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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
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the most common anxiety disorder, characterized by chronic, excessive, uncontrollable worry about everyday problems
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panic disorder (PD)
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a disorder of sudden, recurrent attacks of intense feelings, including symptoms that mimic a hear attack
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phobia
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exaggerated fear of a specific object or circumstance that causes anxiety and panic
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posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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a condition resulting from an extremely traumatic experience that leaves the sufferer with persistent thoughts and memories of the ordeal
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
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an anxiety disorder featuring unwanted, senseless obsessions accompanied by repeated compulsions
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hypochondriasis
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a preoccupation with thoughts of disease and concern that on is suffering from a serious condition that persists despite medical reassurance to the contrary
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autism
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a development disability commonly appearing during the first three years of life, resulting from neurologic disorder affecting brain function, evidence by difficulties with verbal and nonverbal communication, and an inability to relate to anything beyond oneself
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dyslexia
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a developmental disability characterized by a difficulty understanding written or spoken words, sentences, or paragraphs, affecting reading, and spelling, and self expression
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attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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a dysfunction characterized by consistent hyperactivity, distractibility, and lack of control over impulses, which interferes with ability to function normally at school, home or work
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mental retardation
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a condition of sub average intelligence characterized by an IQ of 70 or below, resulting in the inability to adapt normal social activities
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anorexia nervosa
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a sever disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions about one’s body weight, evidenced by an overwhelming fear of becoming fat that results in a refusal to eat and body weight well below normal
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bulimia nervosa
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an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by efforts to limit digestion through induced vomiting, use of laxatives, or excessive exercise
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substance abuse disorders
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mental disorders resulting from abuse of substances such as drugs, alcohol, or other toxins, causing personal and social dysfunctions
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schizophrenia
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a disease of brain chemistry causing a distorted cognitive and emotional perception of one’s environment
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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electrical shock applied to the brain induced convulsion; used to treat severely depressed patients
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light therapy
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use of specialized illuminating light boxes and visors to treat seasonal affective disorder
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psychotherapy
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treatment of psychiatric disorders using verbal and nonverbal interactions with patients, individually or in a group, employing specific actions and techniques
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behavioral therapy
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treatment to decrease or stop unwanted behaviors
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cognitive therapy
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treatment to change unwanted patterns of thinking
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psychotropic drugs
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medications used to treat mental illnesses
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antianxiety agents, anxiolytic agents
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drugs to reduce anxiety
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neuroleptic agents
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drugs used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia
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