Chapter 8

Front 1

Genetics is the science of __________.

Back 1

__________ is the science of heredity.

Hint 1

Genetics is the science of heredity.

Front 2

The genome of a cell is the __________ information in a cell.

Back 2

The __________ of a cell is the genetic information in a cell.

Hint 2

The genome of a cell is the genetic information in a cell.

Front 3

Constitutive enzymes are those that are constantly produced at a __________ rate.

Back 3

__________ enzymes are enzymes that are constantly produced at a fixed rate.

Hint 3

Constitutive enzymes are enzymes that are constantly produced at a fixed rate.

Front 4

Inducible enzymes are enzymes that are not made until __________, with a default position of off.

Back 4

__________ enzymes are enzymes that are not made until needed, with a default position of __________.

Hint 4

Inducible enzymes are enzymes that are not made until needed, with a default position of off.

Front 5

Repressible __________are enzymes that are made until __________ needed, with a default position of on.

Back 5

__________ enzymes are enzymes that are made until no longer needed, with a default position of __________.

Hint 5

Repressible enzymes are enzymes that are made until no longer needed, with a default position of on.

Front 6

Three regions of the __________
regulatory gene
control region
structural genes

Back 6

Three regions of the operon.
__________
__________
__________

Hint 6

Three regions of the operon.
regulatory gene
control region
structural genes

Front 7

Regulatory gene codes for the __________ protein, it acts as "on/off" switch and can act as repressor or __________.

Back 7

__________ gene codes for the regulatory protein, it acts as __________ switch and can act as a __________ or inducer.

Hint 7

Regulatory gene codes for the regulatory protein, it acts as "on/off" switch and can act as repressor or inducer.

Front 8

Two areas of the __________ region
promoter
operator

Back 8

Two areas of the control region.
__________
__________

Hint 8

Two areas of the control region
promoter
operator

Front 9

The promoter is the __________ site for __________ polymerase.

Back 9

The __________ is the binding site for RNA __________.

Hint 9

The promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase.

Front 10

The operator is the __________ site for the __________ protein.

Back 10

The __________ is the binding site for the repressor __________.

Hint 10

The operator is the binding site for the repressor protein.

Front 11

Structural __________ are genes being __________ on the operon.

Back 11

__________ genes are genes being transcribed on the __________.

Hint 11

Structural genes are genes being transcribed on the operon.

Front 12

Catabolite __________ happens when glucose represses enzymes for __________ degradation.

Alarmone is _________________ binding to catabolite activating protein (CAP).

_________________ binds to the promoter and induces RNA _________________ to bind.

Back 12

__________ repression happens when __________ represses enzymes for lactose degradation.

_________________ is cAMP binding to catabolite activating protein (CAP).

CAP binds to the _________________ and induces RNA polymerase to bind.

Hint 12

Catabolite repression happens when glucose represses enzymes for lactose degradation.

Alarmone is cAMP binding to catabolite activating protein (CAP).

CAP binds to the promoter and induces RNA polymerase to bind.

Front 13

Operons are rare in __________, they utilize transcription factors or __________ splicing of exons.

_________________ may be regulated at translation level.

__________ of expression in archaea is unsure and may be more similar to eukaryotes than bacteria.

Back 13

__________ are rare in eukaryotes, they utilize __________ factors or alternate splicing of __________.

Expression may be regulated at _________________ level.

Regulation of expression in __________ is unsure and may be more similar to eukaryotes than bacteria.

Hint 13

Operons are rare in eukaryotes, they utilize transcription factors or alternate splicing of exons.

Expression may be regulated at translation level.

Regulation of expression in archaea is unsure and may be more similar to eukaryotes than bacteria.

Front 14

__________ use global regulatory systems to adapt to changing __________ by altering levels of gene __________.

Back 14

Microbes use __________ __________ __________ to adapt to changing environments by altering levels of gene expression.

Hint 14

Microbes use global regulatory systems to adapt to changing environments by altering levels of gene expression.

Front 15

Signal transduction is __________ of information from external environments to inside the cell and allows the cell to respond to __________ changes.

Back 15

__________ __________ is transmission of information from __________ environments to inside the cell and allows the cell to respond to environmental changes.

Hint 15

Signal transduction is transmission of information from external environments to inside the cell and allows the cell to respond to environmental changes.

Front 16

Quorum sensing is based on the __________ of cell __________ and activation of genes is beneficial only when produced by multiple cells.

bio-luminescence

Back 16

__________ __________ is based on the density of cell population and activation of genes is beneficial only when produced by __________ cells.

bio-luminescence

Hint 16

Quorum sensing is based on the density of cell population and activation of genes is beneficial only when produced by multiple cells.

bio-luminescence

Front 17

__________ that may occur at the translation level.
Riboswitches
Antisense RNA

Back 17

Regulation that may occur at the translation level.
__________
__________

Hint 17

Regulation that may occur at the translation level.
Riboswitches
Antisense RNA

Front 18

Riboswitches are __________ that will fold on itself and can't bind on __________.

Back 18

__________ are mRNA that will fold on itself and can't bind on ribosomes.

Hint 18

Riboswitches are mRNA that will fold on itself and can't bind on ribosomes.

Front 19

__________ mechanisms for genetic diversity.
mutation
gene transfer

Back 19

Bacterial mechanisms for genetic diversity.
__________
__________

Hint 19

Bacterial mechanisms for genetic diversity.
mutation
gene transfer

Front 20

__________ are changes in genotype, may or may not cause phenotypic __________, passed vertically to all __________.

Back 20

Mutations are changes in __________, may or may not cause __________ changes, passed __________ to all offspring.

Hint 20

Mutations are changes in genotype, may or may not cause phenotypic changes, passed vertically to all offspring.

Front 21

Point mutations are a change in one base __________.

Back 21

__________ mutations are a change in one base substitution.

Hint 21

Point mutations are a change in one base substitution.

Front 22

Missense mutations results in change of __________ __________.

Back 22

__________ mutation results in change of amino acid.

Hint 22

Missense mutation results in change of amino acid.

Front 23

Nonsence mutations results in a __________ __________.

Back 23

__________ mutation results in a stop codon.

Hint 23

Nonsence mutation results in a stop codon.

Front 24

Frame-shift mutation results in __________ or __________ of one or more bases.

Back 24

__________ mutation results in insertion or deletion of one or more bases.

Hint 24

Frame-shift mutation results in insertion or deletion of one or more bases.

Front 25

Mutagens are __________ or __________ agents that induce mutations.

Back 25

__________ are physical or chemical agents that induce mutations.

Hint 25

Mutagens are physical or chemical agents that induce mutations.

Front 26

Spontaneous mutations occur in the absence of a __________, may be due to error or __________.

Back 26

__________ mutations occur in the absence of a mutagen, may be due to error or transposons.

Hint 26

Spontaneous mutations occur in the absence of a mutagen, may be due to error or transposons.

Front 27

Transposable elements (__________), may disrupt proper gene __________, contain insertion sequences (transposase), complex __________ carry other genes.

Back 27

__________ elements (transposons), may disrupt proper gene function, contain insertion sequences (__________), complex transposons carry other __________.

Hint 27

Transposable elements (transposons), may disrupt proper gene function, contain insertion sequences (transposase), complex transposons carry other genes.

Front 28

Nuceleotide excision repair uses the __________ enzyme to cut damaged DNA, then uses DNA __________ to put in new DNA, then uses DNA __________ to seal DNA fragments together.

Back 28

__________ __________ repair uses the endonuclease enzyme to cut damaged DNA, then uses DNA polymerase to put in new DNA, then uses DNA ligase to seal DNA fragments together.

Hint 28

Nuceleotide excision repair uses the endonuclease enzyme to cut damaged DNA, then uses DNA polymerase to put in new DNA, then uses DNA ligase to seal DNA fragments together.

Front 29

Light repair is the direct repair of damaged DNA by photoactivation with the enzyme __________.

Back 29

__________ repair is the direct repair of damaged DNA by photoactivation with the enzyme photolayse.

Hint 29

Light repair is the direct repair of damaged DNA by photoactivation with the enzyme photolayse.

Front 30

Induced mutations are __________ produced to demonstrate function of a particular gene or set of genes.

Back 30

__________ mutations are intentionally produced to demonstrate function of a particular gene or set of genes.

Hint 30

Induced mutations are intentionally produced to demonstrate function of a particular gene or set of genes.

Front 31

Ways to __________ mutations.
chemical mutagens
transposition
radiation

Back 31

Ways to induce mutations.
__________
__________
__________

Hint 31

Ways to induce mutations.
chemical mutagens
transposition
radiation

Front 32

Ames Test uses a mutational reversion assay to test __________ of compounds by utilizing a histidine __________.

Back 32

__________ __________ uses a mutational reversion assay to test mutagenicity of compounds by utilizing a __________ auxotroph.

Hint 32

Ames Test uses a mutational reversion assay to test mutagenicity of compounds by utilizing a histidine auxotroph.

Front 33

Positive selection detects mutant cells because they grow or appear different, __________ selection.

Back 33

__________ selection detects mutant cells because they grow or appear different, direct selection.

Hint 33

Positive selection detects mutant cells because they grow or appear different, direct selection.

Front 34

Negative selection detects mutant cells because they do not grow, __________ selection.

Back 34

__________ selection detects mutant cells because they do not grow, indirect selection.

Hint 34

Negative selection detects mutant cells because they do not grow, indirect selection.

Front 35

Genetic recombination is the __________ of genes between two DNA molecules that forms new __________ of genes on a chromosome.

Back 35

__________ __________ is the exchange of genes between two DNA molecules that forms new combinations of genes on a __________.

Hint 35

Genetic recombination is the exchange of genes between two DNA molecules that forms new combinations of genes on a chromosome.

Front 36

Vertical gene transfer occurs during reproduction, between __________ generations of cells.

Back 36

__________ gene transfer occurs during reproduction, between different generations of cells.

Hint 36

Vertical gene transfer occurs during reproduction, between different generations of cells.

Front 37

Horizontal gene transfer occurs between cells of the __________ generation.

Back 37

__________ gene transfer occurs between cells of the same generation.

Hint 37

Horizontal gene transfer occurs between cells of the same generation.

Front 38

Mechanisms of __________ transfer, that result in recombination.
transformation
transduction
conjugation

Back 38

Mechanisms of horizontal transfer, that result in recombination.
__________
__________
__________

Hint 38

Mechanisms of horizontal transfer, that result in recombination.
transformation
transduction
conjugation

Front 39

Transformation is picking up __________ DNA from the environment. Discovered by __________ __________ in 1928.

Back 39

__________ is picking up naked DNA from the environment. Discovered by Fredrick Griffith in __________.

Hint 39

Transformation is picking up naked DNA from the environment. Discovered by Fredrick Griffith in 1928.

Front 40

Showed DNA was a __________ agent when __________ cells pick up DNA and integrate it into a chromosome.
Avery
MacLeod
McCarty

Back 40

Showed DNA was a transforming agent when competent cells pick up DNA and integrate it into a chromosome.
__________
__________
__________

Hint 40

Showed DNA was a transforming agent when competent cells pick up DNA and integrate it into a chromosome.
Avery
MacLeod
McCarty

Front 41

Transduction happens when __________ DNA transferred from a donor to recipient via __________.

Back 41

__________ happens when bacterial DNA transferred from a donor to recipient via bacteriophage.

Hint 41

Transduction happens when bacterial DNA transferred from a donor to recipient via bacteriophage.

Front 42

Generalized __________ happens when any DNA could be picked up.

Back 42

__________ transduction happens when any DNA could be picked up.

Hint 42

Generalized transduction happens when any DNA could be picked up.

Front 43

Specialized __________ happens when a specific gene is picked up.

Back 43

__________ transduction happens when a specific gene is picked up.

Hint 43

Specialized transduction happens when a specific gene is picked up.

Front 44

Conjugation requires __________ contact between cells using a __________ and is the only form of gene exchange in which the donor survives.

Back 44

__________ requires direct contact between cells using a pili and is the only form of gene exchange in which the donor __________.

Hint 44

Conjugation requires direct contact between cells using a pili and is the only form of gene exchange in which the donor survives.

Front 45

Fertility factors are a plasmid type that contain genes to perform __________.

Back 45

__________ factors are a plasmid type that contain genes to perform conjugation.

Hint 45

Fertility factors are a plasmid type that contain genes to perform conjugation.

Front 46

Dissimilation plasmids contain genes for using usual __________ for energy.

Back 46

__________ plasmids contain genes for using usual substrates for energy.

Hint 46

Dissimilation plasmids contain genes for using usual substrates for energy.

Front 47

Resistance factors are plasmids with genes that resist __________ compounds.

Back 47

__________ factors are plasmids with genes that resist damaging compounds.

Hint 47

Resistance factors are plasmids with genes that resist damaging compounds.

Front 48

Bacteriocin factors are plasmids that code for bacterial __________.

Back 48

__________ factors are plasmids that code for bacterial exotoxins.

Hint 48

Bacteriocin factors are plasmids that code for bacterial exotoxins.

Front 49

Virulence plasmids are genes containing __________ __________.

Back 49

__________ plasmids are genes containing virulence factors.

Hint 49

Virulence plasmids are genes containing virulence factors.

Front 50

Back 50

Comparison of Genetic Material and Replication for Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

---------------------------Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotes
Genome
Histones
Rate
Point of origin
Telomers
# DNA polymerase

Front 51

Comparison of Transcription for Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Back 51

Comparison of Transcription for Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

----------------------------------------Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotes
#RNA polymerase
# genes on transcript
Post-Transcript modification
Transcription factors
Promoter

Front 52

Operon structure

Back 52

Front 53

Inducible enzyme

Back 53

Front 54

Catabolite repression
(know this slide)

Back 54

Front 55

2 step diauxic growth

Back 55

Front 56

Repressible enzyme

Back 56

Front 57

Nucleotide excision repair

Back 57

Front 58

Light repair

Back 58

Front 59

Ames Test

Back 59

Front 60

Positive selection test

Back 60

Front 61

Replica plating

Negative selection

Back 61

Front 62

Griffith experiment

Transformation

Back 62

Front 63

Transduction

Back 63

Front 64

Conjugation

Back 64

Front 65

Conjugation

inserting plasmid DNA into primary chromosome

Back 65

Front 66

image

Back 66

Front 67

Missense mutation
Results in change of amino acid

Back 67

Front 68

Nonsense mutation
Results in a stop codon

Back 68

Front 69

Frame-shift mutation
Insertion or deletion of one or more bases

Back 69