Chapter 8

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

the persistence of learning over time through the storage retrieval of info

Front 2

Encoding

Back 2

the processing of info into the memory system

Front 3

storage

Back 3

the retention encoded info over time

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retrieval

Back 4

the process of getting info out of memory storage

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sensory memory

Back 5

the mimmediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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short term memory

Back 6

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the info is stored or forgotten

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long term memory

Back 7

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and exp.

Front 8

working memory

Back 8

a newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of info retrieved from long-term memory

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automatic processing

Back 9

unconscious encoding if incidental info. such as space, time, and frequency. and well learned info

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effortful processing

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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort (studying the chapter)

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rehearsal

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the conscious repetition of info, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

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spacing effect

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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention

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serial position effect

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our tendency to recall best the last and first terms of a list

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imagery

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mental pictures, a powerful aid to effortful processing

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mnemonics

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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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chunking

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organizing items into familiar; manageable units; othen occurs automatically

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iconic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

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echoic memory

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auditory stimuli; sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds

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LTP (long term potentaition

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an increase in a synapse firing potention after brief rapid stimulation. believed to be a natural basis for learning and memory

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flashbulb memory

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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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amnesia

Back 21

the loss of memory

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implicit memory

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retention independent of conscious recollection

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explicit memory

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memory of facts and experience that one can consciously know and declare

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hippocampus

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a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memory

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recall

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a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier

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recognition

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a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

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relearning

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a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

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priming

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the activation, unconsciously of particular associations in memory

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deja vu

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that eeirie sense that "ive experienced this before" cues from current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

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mood congruent memory

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the tendency to recall experiences that are consisten with ones current good or bad mood

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proactive interference

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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

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retroactive interference

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the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info

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repression

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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousnesss anxiety arousing thoughts; feelings, and memories