Chapter 8

Front 1

Any molecule that triggers an immune response.

Back 1

Antigens

Front 2

The ability of the body to defend itself against foreign agents or abnormal body cells.

Back 2

Immunity

Front 3

B cells recognize Ag & begin dividing repeatedly into daughter cells that become plasma or memory cells.

Back 3

Function of B-Cells

Front 4

Can result from trauma, drug interactions, infection, etc.
Onset and Stadium fever stages.

Back 4

Fever

Front 5

Bood plasma protiens made by plasma cells that form complexes with invaders. Y-shaped molecules found in blood plasma.

Back 5

Antibody

Front 6

Usually 25-40% of all WBC, numbers elevate during chronic infections(most involved in specific immunity).

Back 6

Lymphocytes

Front 7

Ag receptor on surface of B-cells.

Back 7

IgD

Front 8

Consists of Lymphocytes and Macrophages - these cells activate the immune system when foreign antigen found.

Back 8

White Pulp

Front 9

Local anaphaphylatic due to inhaled allergen - massive histamine release with spasms of bronchioles in air passges, common in children, relieved with bronchial dilators.

Back 9

Asthma

Front 10

Contains B and T Lymphocytes - Fight pathogens.

Back 10

Cortex

Front 11

75-80% of ciruculating Ab, only one to cross placenta to transfer mothers Ab.

Back 11

IgG

Front 12

Adenoids, 1 medial, on superior wall of pharynx just behind nasal cavity.

Back 12

Pharyngeal

Front 13

Based on the actions of T lymphocytes directly attack diseased or "suspicious" cells and lyse them or release chemicals that bring in other immune cells to finish the destruction.

Back 13

Cellular Immunity

Front 14

From damaged nerve endings in tissue stumulated by inflammatory chemicals, and by tissue swelling, signals the body to rest the injured part.

Back 14

Pain

Front 15

1st to be produced in infection, monomer is Ag receptor on B-cell PM, pentamer is in plasma predominant in primary immune response, includes Anti-A & Anti-B.

Back 15

IgM

Front 16

Simplest, consists of sprinkling of lymphocytes, found in mucous membrane & CT.

Back 16

Diffuse

Front 17

In secretions - prevents pathogens attachment to body surfaces.

Back 17

IgA

Front 18

Lymphatic capillaries-collecting vessels-lymph nodes-more collecting vessels-six lymphatic trunks-two collecting ducts(thoracic & Rt. lymphatic-subclavian veins).

Back 18

Route of Vessels

Front 19

Based on the actions of anibodies Ab. Circulating Ab directly binds bacteria, toxins, and viruses and "tag" them for destruction.

Back 19

Humoral Immunity

Front 20

Polypepetides secreted by cells that have been invaded by viruses. Warns neighboring cells. Activate natual killers, stimulate destruction of cancer cells.

Back 20

Interferons

Front 21

Recognize-React-Remember-T-cells

Back 21

B-Cell Steps

Front 22

The largest lymph vessels, formed by converging lymphatic trunks.

Back 22

Collecting Ducts

Front 23

Process that removes T-cells capable of attacking "self."

Back 23

Clonal Deletion

Front 24

Organisms that penetrate the skin and mucous membrane are attached by phagocytes = maacrophages and WBC - Play both a nonspecific and specific role in immunity.

Back 24

Phagocytes

Front 25

IgE stimulates basophils to release imflammatory chemicals - hives, watery eyes, excess mucus, treated with antihistamine.

Back 25

Immediage Allergic Response

Front 26

Stores RBC and breaks up old RBC - Macrophages phagotize the remains - Immunity - Filters blood to move pathogens and debris.

Back 26

Functions of the Spleen

Front 27

From stem cells that colonize fatal liver, marrow, appendix, etc. Regulates humor mediated immunity, divide quickly and produce immunocompetent clones.

Back 27

B-Cells

Front 28

A group of about 20 blood plasma proteins that aid in nonspecific resistence and specific immunity. Cause Cytolysis.

Back 28

Complement System

Front 29

Colonize & mature in the thymus in fetus. Become immunocompetent.

Back 29

T-Cells

Front 30

Attack own body cells infected with viruses or that are cancerous.

Back 30

Natural Killers

Front 31

Major Histocompatibility Complex - Proteins unique to each person.
MHC I - Labeled "self"
MHC II - How they recognize each other

Back 31

MHC

Front 32

Secretes hormones - Thymopoeitin and Thymosin - stimulates development & maturation of T cells and seems to regulate other lymph organs.

Back 32

Functions of Thymus

Front 33

Severe, system-wide, causes airway constriction, difficulty breathing, vasodilation, criculatory shock. death. Treated with epinephrine.

Back 33

Anaphylatic shock

Front 34

Only 0-1% of all WBC, not primarily phagocytic. Aid other phagocytes by releasing Histamine vasodilator and Heparin to increase blood flow to infected site and inhibit clotting which would immobilize phagocytes.

Back 34

Basophils

Front 35

Most chemical signals are these special chemical messengers that work between leukocytes and macrophages.

Back 35

Interleukins

Front 36

1 pair, posterior margin or oral cavity, left and right side of throat.

Back 36

Palatine

Front 37

Virus and drugs can change normal self-Ag structure. Body won't recognize self-Ag and are perceived as foreign.
Es. Diabetis

Back 37

Change in Self-Ag Stucture

Front 38

Lymphocytes congregate in dense oval masses, temporary.

Back 38

Lymphatic Nodules (follicles)

Front 39

Make up 70-80% of body lymphocytes and regulate cell-mediated immunity. Regulate Cell Mediated Immunity.

Back 39

Function of T-Cells

Front 40

Located left upper abdominal region, inferior to diaphragm and behind stomach. Highly vascular and vulnerable to infection and blunt force trauma. Rupturing the Spleen can cause much blood loss, shock, death, requires Speenectemy. If damaged or removed, functions can be taken over by the liver.

Back 40

Spleen

Front 41

In allergic reations, aids in ridding the body of parasites, in tonsils, skin, and mucous membrane, stimultates release of histamine, attract eosinophils to site of parasitic infection.

Back 41

IgE

Front 42

Plasma from blood exits at the capillaries, enters spaces between cells and then is picked up by lymph capillary. Clear, colorless, similar to blood plasma but less proteins.

Back 42

Lymph

Front 43

Some B-Cells & Macrophages are the main APC. Since T-cells do not recognize free Ag.

Back 43

Ag Presenting Cells (APC)

Front 44

Patches of lymphatic tissue that form ring around entrance to pharynx. Have deep slits that trap ingested or inhale toxins - are then attached by WBC.

Back 44

Tonsils

Front 45

Caused by foreign HLA which is attacked by T-cells.

Back 45

Tissue Transplant Rejection

Front 46

To limit spread of the pathogen and destroy them. To remove the debris of damaged tissue and initiate tissue repair.

Back 46

Function of Inflammation

Front 47

Mostly injections of dead virus, live non-infectious virus, similar virus, or virus coat.

Back 47

Vaccines

Front 48

Microscopic capillaries consisting of a thin sac of endothelial cells loosely overlapping each other to create valve-like flaps. These are pressure regulated.

Back 48

Lymph Capillaries

Front 49

Excessive immune response to certain Ag.

Back 49

Hypersensitivity (allergy)

Front 50

In right thorax, drains right arm, right side of thorax & rt. head.

Back 50

Right Lymphatic Duct

Front 51

Failure of the body to recognize cells as "self" - produces Ab against self.
AIDS. Ab not produced, trick cells into internalizing the virus, no cure or remission.

Back 51

Autoimmune

Front 52

Well defined anatomical sites with at least partial CT capsules that separate lymph tissue from neighboring tissues. Include: Lymph nodes, tonsisls, thymus, & spleen.

Back 52

Lymphatic Organs

Front 53

Some Ab react against similar self Ag.

Back 53

Cross Reactivity

Front 54

Clusters of nodules found constantly in the intestinal wall.

Back 54

Peyer's Patches

Front 55

Boy in the bubble-opposite of autoimmune, combined immune deficiencty diseases. Scarcity of B and T cells due to recessive allele. Body recognizes nothing as foreign.

Back 55

ACIDS

Front 56

1-4% of all WBC in body - Phagocytes, large parasites are surrounded & neutrophils release enzymes to dstroy them. (Allergies and parasitic infections)

Back 56

Eosinophils

Front 57

Usually native Ag not exposed to blood. If barriers are broken down, sterility results.

Back 57

Abnormal exposure to self-Ag to blood

Front 58

Left side, larger, longer, begins in abdominal cavity, passes through diaphragm, and drains body below diaphragm, left arm and left head.

Back 58

Thoracic Duct

Front 59

Defensive response to tissue injury, trauma, or infection(itis). Includes: Pain, swelling, redness, and heat.

Back 59

Inflammation

Front 60

1 pair, in the root of tongue.

Back 60

Lingual

Front 61

Swelling, Redness, Heat

Back 61

Hyperemia

Front 62

Defeats invaders and saves memory of them for future responses in case of second exposure - uses memory. Involves B and T Lymphocytes.

Back 62

Specific Defense

Front 63

Immunity is directed against a specific invader. Attack is mounted and the threat destroyed in 7-10 days or so.

Back 63

Specificity

Front 64

55-65% of all WBC in body - Highly mobile cells wanter in CT phagotizing bacteria - First on the scene when there is a cut or a wound.

Back 64

Neutrophils

Front 65

-Flows slowly and under low pressure, valves prevent backflow
-Moved by rythmic contractions of lymph vessels (stretching stimulates contraction)
-Aided by skeletel muscle pump (Up with excercise)
-Often sheathed with an artery, so arterial pulsations aid in movement
-Thoracic (respiratory) pump aids in flow from abdominal to thoracic cavities
-Rapidly flowing blood in subclavians veins also pulls lymph into bloodstream

Back 65

Flows of Lymph - List

Front 66

First line of defense - Skin, Mucous membrane, Skin coated with chemicals, Lysosymes(in mucous), Acids, Friendly bacteria.

Back 66

External Barriers

Front 67

Gorged with RBC - RBC are stored and old RBC are broken up here.

Back 67

Red Pulp

Front 68

Mediated by several cells that release chemicals when damaged. Mast cells, basophils, lymphocytes, and platelets initiate the process followed by Leukocyte attack and tissue repair.

Back 68

Inflammatory Process

Front 69

Directed by forces similar to those that move blood in veins, but not pump.

Back 69

Flow of Lymph

Front 70

Numerous bean-shaped stuctures <3cm, usually indented on one side where lymph vessels enter & exit. Filter lymph - capsule containing two distinct regions.

Back 70

Lymph Nodes

Front 71

Complements form pore in microbe and punch hole in invader and kill it then macrophages and netrophils engulph dead invaders.

Back 71

Cytolysis

Front 72

Various types, loosely defined, found throughout body tissue.

Back 72

Lymphatic Tissue

Front 73

Resemble veins, lymph vessel walls are thinner with more valves. Movement of fluid in lymph vessels is also dependent on skeletal muscle contractions which squeeze fluid through valves and move lymph back to the the heart to be re-added to blood.

Back 73

Lymph Vessels

Front 74

Located on Trachea, above heart. Large in fetus and shrinks as we age. Houses developing lymphocytes and sets up the immune system in newborns.

Back 74

Thymus

Front 75

Become Macrophages - include both wandering and fixed cells, includes all other body phagocytes.

Back 75

Monocytes

Front 76

Contains macrophages - work to clean lymph.

Back 76

Medulla

Front 77

When exposed to same invader, the body is able to mount a response in much less time because the immune system retains a blueprint of the first encounter. Sometimes only requires a few days.

Back 77

Memory

Front 78

All RBC and WBC develop in red bone marrow-made by embryonic stem cells in marrow.

Back 78

Red Bone Marrow Involvement

Front 79

Guard against a wide variety of invaders.
Includes: 1st Line of defense, and Inflammation, fever, and other active attacks

Back 79

Nonspecific Resistence