Chapter 8

Front 1

John Quincy Adams

Back 1

(July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth President of the United States (1825–1829). He was also an American diplomat and served in both the Senate and House of Representatives. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties. Adams was the son of President John Adams and Abigail Adams. The name "Quincy" came from Abigail's maternal grandfather, Colonel John Quincy, after whom Quincy, Massachusetts, is named.[1][pn 1] As a diplomat, Adams was involved in many international negotiations, and helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine as Secretary of State. Historians agree he was one of the great diplomats in American history.[2]

Front 2

Daniel Boone

Back 2

was an American pioneer, explorer, and frontiersman whose frontier exploits made him one of the first folk heroes of the United States. Boone is most famous for his exploration and settlement of what is now the Commonwealth of Kentucky, which was then beyond the western borders of the settled part of Thirteen Colonies.

Front 3

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Back 3

was fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.

Front 4

Albert Gallatin

Back 4

was a Swiss-American ethnologist, linguist, politician, diplomat, congressman, and the longest-serving United States Secretary of the Treasury. In 1831, he founded the University of the City of New York. In 1896, this university was renamed New York University; it is now one of the largest private, non-profit universities in the United States.

Front 5

Treaty of Ghent

Back 5

signed on 24 December 1814, in Ghent (modern day Belgium, then in limbo between the First French Empire and United Kingdom of the Netherlands), was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Front 6

Timothy Pickering

Back 6

was a politician from Massachusetts who served in a variety of roles, most notably as the third United States Secretary of State, serving in that office from 1795 to 1800 under Presidents George Washington and John Adams.

Front 7

John Marshall

Back 7

was the Chief Justice of the United States (1801-1835) whose court opinions helped lay the basis for American constitutional law while promoting nationalism and making the Supreme Court of the United States a center of power with the capability of overruling Congress.

Front 8

Election of 1800

Back 8

In the United States Presidential election of 1800, sometimes referred to as the "Revolution of 1800," Vice President Thomas Jefferson defeated incumbent president John Adams. The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party in the First Party System. It was a lengthy, bitter rematch of the 1796 election between the pro-French and pro-decentralization Republicans under Jefferson and Aaron Burr, against incumbent Adams and Charles Pinckney's pro-British and pro-centralization Federalists.

Front 9

Peaceable Coercion

Back 9

A policy by Jefferson that stated that if Britain and France refused to respect the rights of neutral carriers, than the US would keep its ships at home.

Front 10

Status of the Slave Trade

Back 10

Jefferson signed a bill outlawing the slave trade but many were still caught smuggling, Britain also started "helping" the US enforce the bill.

Front 11

Non-Intercourse Act

Back 11

In the last four days of President Thomas Jefferson's presidency, the United States Congress replaced the Embargo Act of 1807 with the almost unenforceable Non-Intercourse Act of March 1809. This Act lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports

Front 12

Orders in Council

Back 12

Order-in-Council is a type of legislation in many countries, typically those in the Commonwealth of Nations

Front 13

Jefferson’s presidential goals

Back 13

restore the principles of the American Revolution

Front 14

Berlin and Milan Decrees

Back 14

was issued on December 17, 1807 by Napoleon I of France to enforce the Berlin Decree of 1806 which had initiated the Continental System

Front 15

The Quids

Back 15

various factions of the American Democratic-Republican Party during the period 1804–1812

Front 16

War Hawk

Back 16

is a term originally used to describe members of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated waging war against the British

Front 17

john Calhoun

Back 17

leading politician and political theorist from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century

Front 18

Macon’s Bill Number Two

Back 18

which became law in the United States on May 1, 1810, was intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels

Front 19

Embargo Act

Back 19

Law passed by Congress and signed by President Thomas Jefferson in 1807. This law stopped all trade between America and any other country.

Front 20

Andrew Jackson

Back 20

seventh President of the United States (1829–1837). Based in frontier Tennessee

Front 21

Tecumseh

Back 21

rejected classification as a Shawnee and may have been the first native leader to identify himself self-consciously as "Indian."

Front 22

Louisiana Purchase

Back 22

territory in the western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million; extends from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada

Front 23

Lewis and Clark

Back 23

Expedition an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States; led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark; traveled from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River from 1803 to 1806

Front 24

Barbary States (Barbary War)

Back 24

were two wars between the United States of America and the Barbary States of North Africa in the early 19th century. At issue was the Barbary pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked the pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers.

Front 25

Marbury v. Madison

Back 25

is a landmark case in United States law. It formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution Edit Judicial Review review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court

Front 26

Fletcher vs Peck

Back 26

was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision. The first case in which the Supreme Court ruled a state law unconstitutional, the decision also helped create a growing precedent for the sanctity of legal contracts, and hinted that Native Americans did not hold title to their own lands (an idea fully realized in Johnson v. M'Intosh).

Front 27

Jeffersonian Republicanism

Back 27

a political philosophy supporting a federal government with greatly constrained powers and advocating a strict interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. Jeffersonian philosophy also called for state and local governments to safeguard the rights and property of citizens. Jeffersonians recognized both private and common property.

Front 28

John Randolph

Back 28

was an English scholar, teacher, and cleric who rose to become Bishop of London. He was born Much Hadham, Hertfordshire, the son of Thomas Randolph, President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford and educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford.He was awarded BA in 1771, MA in 1774 and BD in 1782.

Front 29

Aaron Burr

Back 29

United States politician who served as vice president under Jefferson; he mortally wounded his political rival Alexander Hamilton in a duel and fled south

Front 30

John Paul Jones

Back 30

The first well known naval fighter in the Revolutionary War

Front 31

Jefferson’s stance on slavery

Back 31

Jefferson urged the representatives to prepare legislation outlawing slavery

Front 32

Louisiana Government Bill

Back 32

Bill giving Louisiana a transitional goivernment consisting entirely of appointed officials

Front 33

Oliver Hazard Perry

Back 33

Served the U.S. navy in the War of 1812 and destroyed a British fleet at Put-in-Bay.
Edit

Front 34

William Henry Harrison

Back 34

Governor of the Indiana territory and general who became a national hero after leading American troops to victory at the battle of Tippecanoe

Front 35

Francis Scott Key

Back 35

Writer of "The Star-Spangled Banner"

Front 36

Chesapeake Incident

Back 36

When the captain of The Chesapeake, an American warship, refused to submit to a search for deserters, a British warship, The Leopard, open fired killing three men and wounding eighteen.

Front 37

War Hawks

Back 37

Republicans who called for resistance against Britain, for any course that would promise to achieve respect for the United States and security for its republican institutions.
Edit

Front 38

Hartford Convention

Back 38

In 1814 a group of New England politicians gathered in Hartford to discuss relations of people of their region and the federal government
Edit