Chapter 8-10

Front 1

Acetyl CoA

Back 1

co enzyme that is the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration; formed from fragments of pyruvate

Front 2

aerobic

Back 2

requires oxygen

Front 3

alcohol fermentation

Back 3

pyruvate--> Co2 and ethyl alcohol

Front 4

anaerobic

Back 4

lacks oxygen

Front 5

ATP synthase

Back 5

function in chemiosmosis with ETC by using H ion to make ATP; provides a port for H ion to diffuse into the matrix of mitochondria

Front 6

beta oxidation

Back 6

metabolic process that breaks down fatty acids to 2 carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle

Front 7

cellular respiration

Back 7

most efficient and prevalent way to make ATP in which oxygen in consumed as reactant

Front 8

chemiosmosis

Back 8

system that uses energy stored in the form of H ions to drive cellular work, like ATP; Most ATP sythesis happen by this

Front 9

citric acid cycle

Back 9

8 step cycle that breaks glucose to Co2; occur in mitochondria and 2 major step in cellular respiration

Front 10

cytochrome

Back 10

iron protein that is a part of the ETC in mitochondria and cholorplast

Front 11

activation energy (free energy of activation)

Back 11

the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before reaction will start

Front 12

active site

Back 12

where the substrate binds to the enzyme (weak bonds)

Front 13

allosteric regulation

Back 13

binding of a molecule to a protein that effects the function of the protein at a diff site

Front 14

anabolic pathway

Back 14

synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds

Front 15

ATP- adenosine triphosphate

Back 15

releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed; endergonic reaction

Front 16

bioenergetics

Back 16

flow of energy through an animal

Front 17

catabolic pathway

Back 17

releases energy by breaking complex molecules to simple

Front 18

catalyst

Back 18

chemical agent that changes rate of reaction w/o being consumed

Front 19

chemical energy

Back 19

energy stored in chemical bonds

Front 20

coenzyme

Back 20

organic molecule serving as a cofactor. ex= vitamins

Front 21

cofactor

Back 21

nonprotein that is required for the enzyme to function; can be found permanently bound to active site or loosely to substrate

Front 22

competitive inhibitor

Back 22

a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the real one

Front 23

cooperativity

Back 23

interaction wher one conformation change is submitted to the other units

Front 24

absorption spectrum

Back 24

range of a pigments ability to absorb various wavelengths of light

Front 25

action spectrum

Back 25

graph depicts how effective diff wavelengths of radiation on a process

Front 26

autotroph

Back 26

organism that uses energy from teh sun or from oxidation to make organic food molecules from inorganic ones

Front 27

bundle- sheath cell

Back 27

a type of photosynthetic cell that wraps tightly around veins of a leaf

Front 28

C3 plant

Back 28

calvin cycle intial step
forms 3 carbon compound as the first stable intermediate

Front 29

C4 plant

Back 29

connect with calvin cycle
forms 4 carbon compound, whcih supplies the Co2 for the calvin cycle

Front 30

calvin cycle

Back 30

comes after light reaction
involves atmospheric co2 fixation and reducation into carbohydrates

Front 31

CAM(crassulacean acid metabolism) plant

Back 31

CO2 enters open stomata at night and converts into organic acids, which release CO2 for calvin cycle during the day(stomata is closed)

Front 32

carbon fixation

Back 32

incorporation of carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds by autotrophic organism

Front 33

cartenoid

Back 33

yellow/ orange pigment that broadens the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis

Front 34

chloropyll

Back 34

green pigment found in chloroplast

Front 35

cholorphyll a

Back 35

blue- green pigment that takes part in light reaction

Front 36

chlorophyll b

Back 36

yellow- green pigment transfer energy to chlorphyll a

Front 37

cyclic electron flow

Back 37

route of electron flow during light reaction that involves only photosystem 1 and that produces ATP

Front 38

electromagnetic spectrum

Back 38

entire spectrum of radiation with various wavelengths

Front 39

G3p

Back 39

carbohydrate produced directly from calvin cycle

Front 40

heterotroph

Back 40

organisms that obtain organic food molecules by eating others

Front 41

light reaction

Back 41

occurs in the thylakoid membranes and it converts solar energy into chemical energy ATP and NADPH; evolves oxygen

Front 42

light harvesting complex

Back 42

complex of proteins that capture light energy and direct it toward reaction center pigments in a photosystem

Front 43

mesophyll

Back 43

middle, ground layer of a leaf and specializes in photosynthesis

Front 44

mesophyll cell

Back 44

loosely arranged photosythetic cell located btw bundle sheath and leaf surface

Front 45

NADP

Back 45

an acceptor that temporarily stores electrons produced in the light reaction

Front 46

noncyclic electron flow

Back 46

route for electron flow during light reaction involves both photosystems and produces atp, nadph and oxygen

Front 47

Pep carbosylase

Back 47

enzyme that ads carbon to pep to form oxaclate

Front 48

photon

Back 48

discrete amount of light energy

Front 49

photophosphorylation

Back 49

the process where ADP + P generate ATP thanks to force from thylakoid membrane

Front 50

photorespiration

Back 50

metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and release co2; generate NO ATP
decreases photosynthetic output

Front 51

photosynthesis

Back 51

light enrgy--> chemical that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds

Front 52

photosystem

Back 52

light capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane consists of reaction center surrounded by light harvesting complexes

Front 53

photosystem 1

Back 53

has 2 molecules of p 700 chlorophyll a

Front 54

photosystem 2

Back 54

has 2 molecules of p 680 chlorophyll a

Front 55

primary electron acceptor

Back 55

accepts an electron from one of 2 cholophylls in reaction center

Front 56

reaction center

Back 56

located in photosystems and trigger the light reaction

Front 57

rubisco

Back 57

enzyme that catalyzes the 1st step of calvin cycle

Front 58

spectrophotometer

Back 58

instrument that measures the proportions of light of diff wavelenths absorbed and reflected

Front 59

stoma

Back 59

pores on leaves that allow for gas exchange

Front 60

stroma

Back 60

fluid portion of the chloroplast; involved in synthesis organic molecules from co2 and water

Front 61

thylakoid

Back 61

used to convert light energy to chemical enrgy

Front 62

visible light

Back 62

380nm-750nm

Front 63

wavelength

Back 63

distance btw crests of the wave

Front 64

Electron transport chain

Back 64

a sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during redox reactions and release energy to form ATP

Front 65

facultative anaerobe

Back 65

organism that make ATP by aerobic respiration and switches to fermentation when oxygen is not there

Front 66

fermentation

Back 66

catabolic process that makes limited amount of ATP from glucose without ETC and has alcohol as a product

Front 67

lactic acid fermentation

Back 67

pyruvate-->lactate (no release of CO2)

Front 68

NAD

Back 68

coenzyme helps enzymes transfer electrons

Front 69

oxidation

Back 69

the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

Front 70

oxidative phsophorylation

Back 70

the production of ATP using energy from redoc reaction of ETC

Front 71

oxidizing agent

Back 71

electron acceptor in redox reaction

Front 72

proton motive force

Back 72

potential energy stored in the form of electrochemical gradient

Front 73

redox reaction

Back 73

a chemical reaction where electrons are transfered from one reactant to another

Front 74

reducing agent

Back 74

electron donor in a redox reaction

Front 75

reduction

Back 75

addition of electrons to a substance involved in redox reaction

Front 76

glycolosis

Back 76

splitting glucose into pyruvate. occurs in all living cells

Front 77

substrate level phosphorylation

Back 77

formation of ATP by transfering a phosphate group to ADP

Front 78

endergonic reaction

Back 78

non spontaneous chemical reaction; free energy absorbed in environment

Front 79

energy

Back 79

capacity to do work

Front 80

energy coupling

Back 80

the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive endergonic reaction

Front 81

entropy

Back 81

measure of disorder

Front 82

enzyme

Back 82

protein that acts like catalyst

Front 83

enzyme substrate complex

Back 83

temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate

Front 84

exergonic

Back 84

spontaneous chemical reaction; there is net energy

Front 85

feedback inhibition

Back 85

in order to control which end product acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme

Front 86

1st law of thermmodynamics

Back 86

principle of consevation; energy can NOT be created or destroyed

Front 87

free energy

Back 87

portion of system energy that can perform work when temp and pressure are uniform throughout the system

Front 88

heat

Back 88

total amount of kinetic energy; most random form of energy

Front 89

induced fit

Back 89

change in shape of teh active site of an enzyme so it binds more snugly to the substrate

Front 90

kinetic energy

Back 90

the energy of motion

Front 91

metabolic pathway

Back 91

a series of chemical reactions that build or breack complex molecules

Front 92

metabolism

Back 92

whole chemical reaction , both catabolic and anabolic pathways

Front 93

noncompetitive inhibitor

Back 93

a substance that reduces the activity by binding to a location remote from activation site; make it diff for substates to bond

Front 94

phosphorylated

Back 94

a phosphate group that has been given a phosphate group

Front 95

2nd law of thermodynamics

Back 95

ervery energy transfer or transformation increases entropy

Front 96

substrate

Back 96

the reactants on which an enzyme works

Front 97

thermal energy

Back 97

same as heat

Front 98

thermodynamics

Back 98

study of energy transformations