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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many bones in the AXIAL skeleton?
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80
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3 regions of axial skeleton
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Skull
Vertebral column Bony thorax |
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The skull is formed by what bones?
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Cranium & Facial
most complex bony structure |
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Cranium
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protects the brain and is the site of attachment for head and neck muscles
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Facial Bones
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1)Supply the framework of the face, the sense organs, and the teeth
2) Provide openings for the passage of air and food 3) Anchor the facial muscles of expression |
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Characteristics of Cranial Bones
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thin and remarkably strong for their weight
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Eight cranial bones
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two parietal, two temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid
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Frontal Bone forms what?
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anterior portion of the cranium
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Frontal bone articulates with what?
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Articulates posteriorly with the parietal bones via the coronal suture
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Major markings of frontal bone:
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-Supraorbital margins
-Anterior cranial fossa -Frontal sinuses (internal and lateral to the glabella) |
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Four Sutures that articulate the parietal bones
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Coronal
Sagittal Lambdoid Squamous |
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Coronal suture
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articulation between parietal bones and frontal bone anteriorly
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Sagittal suture
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where right and left parietal bones meet superiorly
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Lambdoid Suture
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where parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly
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Squamous Suture
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where parietal and temporal bones meet
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Occiptal bone forms what?
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Most of skull's posterior wall and base
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Major markings of Occiptal Bone:
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-posterior cranial fossa
-foramen magnum -occipital condyles -hypoglossal canal |
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Temporal Bones from what?
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Form the inferolateral aspects of the skull and parts of the cranial floor
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4 major regions of temporal bones:
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squamous,
tympanic, mastoid, petrous |
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Major markings of occipital bones:
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zygomatic, styloid, and mastoid processes, and the mandibular and middle cranial fossae
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Major OPENINGS of temporal bone:
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Stylomastoid foramina
Jugular foramina External auditory meatus Internal auditory meatus Carotid canal |
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Sphenoid Bone is what?
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Butterfly-shaped bone that spans the width of the middle cranial fossa
Forms the central wedge that articulates with all other cranial bones Consists of a central body, greater wings, lesser wings, and pterygoid processes |
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Major markings of sphenoid bones:
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sella turcica,
hypophyseal fossa, pterygoid processes |
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Major openings of sphenoid bone:
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Foramina rotundum
Foramina ovale Foramina spinosum Optic canals Superior orbital fissure |
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Ethmoid bone is what?
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Most deep of the skull bones; lies between the sphenoid and nasal bones
Forms most of the bony area between the nasal cavity and the orbits |
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Major markings of ethmoid bone:
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cribriform plate,
crista galli, perpendicular plate, nasal conchae, the ethmoid sinuses |
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How many facial bones?
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14
only the madible and vomer are unpaired |
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Paired Facial Bones
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Maxillae
zygomatics nasals lacrimals palatines inferior conchae |
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Mandible bone
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Lower jawbone
Largest, strongest bone of the face |
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Major markings of mandible
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Coronoid process
Mandibular condyle Alveolar margin Mandibular formamina Mental foramina |
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Maxillary Bones
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Medially fused bones that make up the upper jaw and the central portion of the facial skeleton
Facial keystone bones that articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible |
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Major markings for maxillary bones
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-palatine, frontal, and zygomatic processes
-alveolar margins -infraorbital foramina -maxillary sinuses |
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Zygomatic Bones
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Irregularly shaped bones (cheekbones) that form the prominences of the cheeks and the inferolateral margins of the orbits
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Nasal Bones
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thin medially fused bones that form the bridge of the nose
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Lacrimal Bones
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contribute to the medial walls of the orbit and contain a deep groove called the lacrimal fossa that houses the lacrimal sac
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Palatine Bones
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two bone plates that form portions of the hard palate, the posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity, and a small part of the orbits
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Vomer
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plow-shaped bone that forms part of the nasal septum
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Inferior Nasal Conchae
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paired, curved bones in the nasal cavity that form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
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Orbits are what?
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Bony cavities in which the eyes are firmly encased and cushioned by fatty tissue
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Orbits are FORMED by what bones?
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seven bones – frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid
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Nasal cavity is constructed of what?
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bone and hyaline cartilage
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Roof of nasal cavity is what?
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formed by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid
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Lateral walls of nasal cavity are what?
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formed by the superior and middle conchae of the ethmoid, the perpendicular plate of the palatine, and the inferior nasal conchae
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Floor of nasal cavity is formed by what?
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formed by palatine process of the maxillae and palatine bone
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What are paranasal sinuses?
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*Mucosa-lined, air-filled sacs found in five skull bones – the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and paired maxillary bones
*Air enters the paranasal sinuses from the nasal cavity and mucus drains into the nasal cavity from the sinuses *Lighten the skull and enhance the resonance of the voice |
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The hyoid bone is what?
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*Not actually part of the skull, but lies just inferior to the mandible in the anterior neck
*Only bone of the body that does not articulate directly with another bone *Attachment point for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx during swallowing and speech |
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What is the vertebral column?
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Formed from 26 irregular bones (vertebrae) connected in such a way that a flexible curved structure results
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What are cervical vertebrae?
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Cervical vertebrae – 7 bones of the neck
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What are thoracic vertebrae?
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12 bones of the torso
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What are lumbar vertebrae?
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5 bones of lower back
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What is the Sacrum?
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bone inferior to the lumbar vertebrae that articulates with the hip bones
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Posterior CONCAVE curvatures of vertebral column:
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cervical and lumbar (lordosis)
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Posteriorly CONVEX curvatures of vertebral column:
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Thoracic and sacral (kyphosis)
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Abnormal spine curvatures include:
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*scoliosis (abnormal lateral curve), *kyphosis (hunchback)
*lordosis (swayback) |
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Anterior longitudinal ligament
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continuous bands down the front of the spine from the neck to the sacrum. Prevents hyperextension
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Posterior longitudinal ligaments
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continuous bands down the back of the spine from the neck to the sacrum
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Vertebral column ligaments
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connect adjoining vertebrae together
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Intervertebral discs
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Cushion-like pad composed of two parts
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Nucleus pulposus
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inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility
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Annulus fibrosus
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surrounds the nucleus pulposus with a collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage
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Body or centrum of disc
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disc-shaped, weight-bearing region
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Vertebral arch
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composed of pedicles and laminae that, along with the centrum, enclose the vertebral foramen
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Vertebral foramina
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make up the vertebral canal through which the spinal cord passes
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Spinous processes
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project posteriorly, and transverse processes project laterally
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Superior and inferior articular processes
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protrude superiorly and inferiorly from the pedicle-lamina junctions
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Intervertebral foramina
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lateral openings formed from notched areas on the superior and inferior borders of adjacent pedicles
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Number of Cervical Vertebrae?
General characteristics: |
Seven vertebrae (C1-C7) are the smallest, lightest vertebrae
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Characteristics of C3-C7
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distinguished with an oval body, short spinous processes that is bifid, and large, triangular vertebral foramina
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Each transverse process contains a ____________ ______________.
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transverse foramen
**Only in cervical vertebra |
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3 Characteristics of the Atlas (C1)
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*The atlas has no body and no spinous process
*It consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses *The superior surfaces of lateral masses articulate with the occipital condyles *Allows a nodding "yes" motion |
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3 Characteristics of the Axis (C2)
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*The axis has a body, spine, and vertebral arches as do other cervical vertebrae
*Unique to the axis is the dens, or odontoid process, which projects superiorly from the body and is cradled in the anterior arch of the atlas *The dens is a pivot for the rotation of the atlas (allows "no" movement) |
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# of thoracic vertebra
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12 (T1-T12)
*They all articulate with ribs |
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Major markings of thoracic vertebra:
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two facets and two demifacets on the heart-shaped body,
*the circular vertebral foramen, *transverse processes, *long spinous process |
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What do the location of the articulate facets on thoracic spine prevent?
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flexion and extension, but allows rotation of this area of the spine
**Rotation is main movement in thoracic spine |
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# of lumbar vertebra
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5 (L1-L5)
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Location and function of lumbar vertebra
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located in the small of the back and have an enhanced weight-bearing function
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Major markings of Lumbar vertebra:
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* short, thick pedicles and laminae,
*flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes, *triangular-shaped vertebral foramen |
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What is the sacrum?
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Consists of five fused vertebrae (S1-S5), which shape the posterior wall of the pelvis
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What does the sacrum articulate with?
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It articulates with L5 superiorly, and with the auricular surfaces of the hip bones
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Major markings of sacrum?
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*sacral promontory,
*transverse lines, *alae, *dorsal sacral foramina, *sacral canal, *sacral hiatus |
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What is the coccyx made up of?
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four (in some cases three to five) fused vertebrae that articulate superiorly with the sacrum
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What is the THORACIC CAGE(bony thorax) composed of?
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thoracic vertebrae dorsally,
the ribs laterally, the sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly |
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Functions of THORACIC CAGE?
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*Forms a protective cage around the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels
*Supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs *Provides attachment for many neck, back, chest, and shoulder muscles *Uses intercostal muscles to lift and depress the thorax during breathing (elevates and depresses rib cage) |
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What is the sternum?
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A dagger-shaped, flat bone that lies in the anterior midline of the thorax
Results from the fusion of three bones – the superior manubrium, the body, and the inferior xiphoid process |
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Anatomical landmarks of the sternum.
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*jugular (suprasternal) notch,
*sternal angle, *the xiphisternal joint |
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How many ribs?
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12 pair forming the flaring sides of the thoracic cage
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Where do the ribs attach?
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attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
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Superior 7 pair of ribs attach to what?
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attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilages (vertebrosternal)
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Ribs 8-10 (false) attach to what?
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attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage (vertebralcondral)
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Ribs 11-12 attach to what?
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have no anterior attachment (floating or vertebral ribs)
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What is the appendicular skeleton?
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made up of the bones of the limbs and their girdles
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Pectoral girdles attach what to what?
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the upper limbs to the body trunk
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What does the pelvic girdle secure?
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lower limbs
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PECTORAL girdle consists of what?
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anterior clavicles and the posterior scapulae
(only clavicle attaches to axial skeleton, scapula just sits on it) |
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What do the PECTORAL girdles attach?
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*They attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton in a manner that allows for maximum movement
*They provide attachment points for muscles that move the upper limbs |
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Characteristics of Clavicles (collarbones)
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Slender, doubly curved long bones lying across the superior thorax
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What do the clavicles attach with?
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The acromial (lateral) end articulates with the scapula, and the sternal (medial) end articulates with the sternum
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The clavicles provide attachment points for what?
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for numerous muscles, and act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally away from the body
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Characteristics of scapulae (shoulder blades)
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*Triangular, flat bones lying on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, between the second and seventh ribs
*Lies around T2-T-7 *Scapulae have three borders and three angles |
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Major markings of scapulae
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*suprascapular notch,
*supraspinous and infraspinous fossae, *spine, *acromion, *coracoid process |
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What is the upper limb?
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*The upper limb consists of the arm (brachium), forearm (antebrachium), and hand (manus)
*Thirty-seven bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limb |
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What is the arm?
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The humerus is the sole bone of the arm
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What does the arm articulate with?
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the scapula at the shoulder, and the radius and ulna at the elbow
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Major markings of the proximal humerus:
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head,
anatomical and surgical necks, greater and lesser tubercles, and intertubercular groove |
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Major markings of the distal humerus:
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capitulum,
trochlea, medial and lateral epicondyles, coronoid and olecranon fossae |
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Major markings of the medial humerus:
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radial groove and the deltoid process
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Bones of forearm:
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radius & ulna
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What do the forearm bones articulate with?
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They articulate proximally with the humerus and distally with the wrist bones
They also articulate with each other proximally and distally at small radioulnar joints |
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What connects the ulna and radius along their entire length?
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Interosseous membrane
Provides support & structure |
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What is the ulna?
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The ulna lies medially in the forearm and is slightly longer than the radius
Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus |
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Major markings of ulna:
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olecranon,
coronoid process, trochlear notch, radial notch, styloid process |
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What is the radius?
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The radius lies opposite (lateral to) the ulna and is thin at its proximal end, widened distally
Contributes more to the wrist joint |
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What does the radius articulate with?
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The superior surface of the head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
Medially, the head articulates with the radial notch of the ulna |
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Major markings of radius:
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radial tuberosity,
ulnar notch, styloid process |
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Skeleton of hand consists of what?
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contains wrist bones (carpals),
bones of the palm (metacarpals), bones of the fingers (phalanges) |
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Carpus (wrist) consists of what?
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Consists of eight bones
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform proximally Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate distally Sally Left The Party To Take Cindy Home |
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What is the Metacarpus (palm)
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Five numbered (1-5) metacarpal bones radiate from the wrist to form the palm
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What do the metacarpus bones articulate with?
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Their bases articulate with the carpals proximally, and with each other medially and laterally
Heads articulate with the phalanges |
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What are phalanges?
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Fingers
14 miniature long bones in hand are called phalanges Fingers (digits) are numbered 1-5, beginning with the thumb (pollex) |
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How many phalanges does each finger have?
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3- distal, medial and proxal
The thumb only has 2 (no middle phalanx) |
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What is the pelvic girdle?
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Hip
The hip is formed by a pair of hip bones (os coxae, or coxal) Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these bones form the bony pelvis |
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What does the pelvis attach to?
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Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with the strongest ligaments of the body
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What is the function of the pelvis?
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Transmits weight of the upper body to the lower limbs
Supports the visceral organs of the pelvis |
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What is the ilium?
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The ilium is a large flaring bone that forms the superior region of the coxal bone
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What does the ilium consist of?
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It consists of a body and a superior winglike portion called the ala
The broad posterolateral surface is called the gluteal surface The auricular surface articulates with the sacrum (sacroiliac joint) |
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Major markings of the ilium:
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iliac crests,
four spines, greater sciatic notch, iliac fossa, arcuate line, the pelvic brim |
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What is the ischium?
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The ischium forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone
The thick body articulates with the ilium, and the thinner ramus articulates with the pubis Strongest part of hip |
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Major markings of ischium:
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ischial spine,
lesser sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity |
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What is the pubis?
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The pubic bone forms the anterior portion of the hip bone
It articulates with the ischium and the ilium |
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Major markings of pubis:
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include superior and inferior rami,
the pubic crest, pubic tubercle, pubic arch, pubic symphysis, obturator foramen (along with ilium and ischium) |
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Structure of FEMALE pelvis:
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Tilted forward, adapted for childbearing
True pelvis defines birth canal Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity |
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Structure of MALE pelvis:
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Tilted less forward
Adapted for support of heavier male build and stronger muscles Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep |
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3 segments of lower limb:
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Thigh
Leg Foot |
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Function of lower limb:
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They carry the weight of the erect body, and are subjected to exceptional forces when one jumps or runs
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What is the femur?
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The sole bone of the thigh is the femur, the largest and strongest bone in the body
It articulates proximally with the hip and distally with the tibia and fibula |
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Major markings of femur:
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head,
fovea capitis, greater and lesser trochanters, gluteal tuberosity, lateral and medial condyles and epicondyles, linea aspera, patellar surface, intercondylar notch |
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What is the leg?
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The tibia and fibula form the skeleton of the leg
They are connected to each other by the interosseous membrane They articulate with the femur proximally and with the ankle bones distally They also articulate with each other via the immovable tibiofibular joints |
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Function of tibia?
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Receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot
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Major markings of tibia:
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medial and lateral condyles, intercondylar eminence,
the tibial tuberosity, anterior crest, medial malleolus, fibular notch |
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What is the fibula?
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Sticklike bone with slightly expanded ends located laterally to the tibia
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Major markings of fibula:
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Head
Lateral malleolus |
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The skeleton of the foot includes what?
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tarsus
metatarsus phalanges (toes) |
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Function of the foot?
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supports body weight and acts as a lever to propel the body forward in walking and running
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What is the tarsus?
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Composed of seven bones that form the posterior half of the foot
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Body weight is carried primarily on which tarsus?
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talus and calcaneus
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What do talus articulate with?
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tibia and fibula superiorly, and the calcaneus inferiorly
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Other tarsus include:
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cuboid and navicular, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms
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What does the calcaneous form?
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the heel of foot
carries the talus on its superior surface |
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Calcaneous is point of attachment for what?
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calcaneal (Achilles) tendon of the calf muscles
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Metatarsals
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Five (1-5) long bones that articulate with the proximal phalanges
The enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the foot” |
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Phalanges
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The 14 bones of the toes
Each digit has three phalanges except the hallux, which has no middle phalanx |
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How many arches does the foot have?
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3
maintained by interlocking foot bones and strong ligaments |
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Function of foot arches:
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allow the foot to hold up weight
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What are the arches of the foot?
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lateral longitudinal
medial longitudinal transverse |
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Lateral longitudinal arch
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cuboid is keystone of this arch
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Medial longitudinal arch
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talus is keystone of this arch
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Transverse arch
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runs obliquely from one side of the foot to the other
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What to know about the infant skull?
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Infant skull has more bones than the adult skull
At birth, fetal skull bones are incomplete and connected by fontanels |
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Fontanels
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Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes between fetal skull bones
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4 fontanels
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anterior
posterior mastoid sphenoid |
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Spinal curvatures present at birth
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thoracic and sacral curvatures
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Primary curvatures of spine
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convex posteriorly, causing the infant spine to arch like a four-legged animal
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Secondary curvatures of the spine
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cervical and lumbar – are convex anteriorly and are associated with the child’s development
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Spine and old age
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Intervertebral discs become thin, less hydrated, and less elastic
Risk of disc herniation increases Loss of stature by several centimeters is common after age 55 Costal cartilages ossify causing the thorax to become rigid All bones lose mass |
