Chapter 7 The President

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Cabinet

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The formal body of presidential advisers who head the fifteen executive departments. Presidents often add others to this body of formal advisers.

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executive agreement

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Formal government agreement entered into by the president that does not require the advice and consent of the US Senate.

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Executive Office of the President (EOP)

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Created in 1939 to help the president oversee the executive branch bureaucracy.

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executive order

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A rule regulation issued by the president that has the effect of law. All executive orders must be published in the Federal Register.

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executive privilege

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An implied presidential power that allows the president to refuse to disclose information regarding confidential conversations or national security to Congress or the judiciary.

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impeachment

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The power delegated to the House of Representatives in the Constitution to charge the president, vice president, or other “civil officers,” including, federal judges, with “Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.” this is the first stop in the constitutional process of removing such government officials from office.

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inherent powers

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Powers that belong to the national government simply because it is a sovereign body.

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New Deal

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The name given to the program of “Reli9ef, Recovery, Reform” begun by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 to bring the United States out of the Great Depression.

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Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

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The office that prepares the president’s annual budget proposal reviews the budget and programs of the executive departments, supplies economic forecasts, and conducts detailed analyses of proposal bills and agency rules.

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pardons

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An executive grant providing restoration of all rights and privileges of citizenship to a specific individual charged or convicted of a crime.

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Twenty-Second Amendment

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Adopted in 1951, prevents a president from serving more than two terms, or more than ten years if he came to office via the death or impeachment of his president.

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Twenty-Fifth Amendment

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Adopted in 1967 to establish procedure for filling vacancies in the office of president and vice president as well as providing for procedures to deal with the disability of a president.

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veto power

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The formal, constitutional authority of the president to reject bills passed by both houses of Congress, thus preventing them from becoming law without further congressional action.

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US v. Nixon

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Key Supreme Court ruling on power of the president, finding that the is no absolute constitutional executive privilege to allow a president to refuse to comply with a court order to produce information needed in a criminal trial.

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War Powers Act

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Passed by Congress in 1973, the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty-day period in peacetime (which can be extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal) unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period.

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What are the roots of the office of the president of the Uni9ted States?

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Distrust of a too powerful leader led the Framers to create an executive office with limited powers. They mandated that a president be at least thirty-five years old, a natural born citizen, and a resident of the United States for at least fourteen years, and they opted not to limit the president’s term of office. To further guard against tyranny, they made provisions for the removal of the president.

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What are the constitutional powers of the president?

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The Framers gave the president a variety of specific constitutional powers in Article II, including the appointment power, the power to convene Congress, and the power to make treaties. The Constitution also gave the president the power to grant pardons and to veto sets of Congress. In addition, the president derives considerable power from being commander in chief of the military.

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How did presidential power develop and expand?

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The development of presidential power has depended on the personal force of those who have held the office. George Washington, in particular, took several actions to establish the primary of the president in national affairs and as true chief executive of a strong national government. But, with only a few exceptions, subsequent presidents often let Congress dominate in national affairs. With the election of FDR, however, the power of the president increased, and presidential decision making became more important in national and foreign affairs.

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What office makes up the presidential establishment?

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As the responsbilities of the president have grown, so has the executive branch of government. Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Executive Office of the President to help him govern. Perhaps the most key policy advisers are those close to the president, the vice president, the White House staff, some members of the Executive Office of the President, and sometimes, the first lady.

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How do public opinion and public perceptions of presidential leadership affect presidential success?

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To gain support for his programs or proposed budget, the president uses a variety of skills, including personal leadership and direct appeals to the public. How the president goes about winning support is determined by his leadership and person style, affected by his character and his ability to persuade. Since the 1970’s, however, the American public has been increasingly skeptical of presidential actions, and few presidents have enjoyed extended periods of the kind of popularity needed to help in support for programmatic change.

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How do presidents use their legislative proposals to affect and reform policy?

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Since FDR, the public has looked to the president to propose legislation to Congress. through proposing legislation, advancing budgets, and involvement in the regulatory process, presidents make policy.