Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Three different types of muscle |
1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth |
|
|
Skeletal Muscle Characteristics |
-Very Large -Multinucleated -T Tubules |
|
|
A Bands |
Thick Myosin Filaments |
|
|
I Bands |
Thin Actin Filaments
- Dark line in the center of I band is the Z line |
|
|
Sacomere |
Basic contracting unit of skeletal muscle
It is the area from one Z line to the next Z line |
|
|
Motor Unit |
One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it innervates
|
|
|
Neuromuscular Junction |
Nerves and muscles separated by the synaptic space
|
|
|
Synaptic Vessels |
Sacs at the end of a nerve fiber; contain acetylcholinesterase |
|
|
Acetylcholinesterase |
Enzyme in the synaptic space that removes acetylcholine |
|
|
Connective Tissue Layers : Function |
Hold components of the muscles together
Contain the blood vessels and nerve fibers that supply the muscle fibers
|
|
|
What are the Connective Tissue Layers? |
-Endomysium -Fascicles -Perimysium Epimysium |
|
|
Endomysium Layer |
Composed of fine, reticular fibers ( Surrounds each muscle fiber |
|
|
Fascicles Layer |
Group of skeletal muscle fibers |
|
|
Perimysium Layer |
Composed of reticular fibers and thick collagen fibers ( surrounds fascicles) |
|
|
Epimysium Layer |
Fibrous layer composed of tough collagen fibers ( surrounds groups of muscle fascicles) |
|
|
Steps Of Muscle Contraction & Relaxation
Step One
|
1. Nerve impulse reaches the end bulb of the motor nerve fiber
|
|
|
Steps Of Muscle Contraction & Relaxation
Step Two |
2. Acytlcholine is released into the synaptic space |
|
|
Steps of Muscle Contraction & Relaxation
Step Three |
3. Acytlcholine molecules bind to receptors on the surface of sarcolemma |
|
|
Steps of Muscle Contraction & Relaxation
Step Four |
4. Impulse travels along sarcolemma and through the T tubules to the interior of the cell |
|
|
Steps of Muscle Contraction & Relaxation
Step Five |
5. Impulse reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Steps of Muscle Contraction & Relaxation
Step Six |
6. Calcuim ions are released in to the sarcoplasm |
|
|
Steps of Muscle Contraction & Relaxation
Step Seven |
7. Calcium diffuses into the myofibrils and starts the contraction process |
|
|
Steps of Muscle Contraction & Relaxation
Step Eight |
8. Sarcoplasmic reticulum begins pumping calcium back in again |
|
|
Steps of Muscle Contraction & Relaxation
step nine |
9. Calcium is pulled out of the myofibrils |
|
|
Steps of Muscle Contraction & Relaxation
Step 10 |
10. Contraction stops, muscle returns to it original length |
|
|
All or Nothing Principle |
When stimulated, an individual muscle fiber either contracts completely or not a all |
|
|
Three Phases of Muscle Contraction |
Latent Phase
Contracting Phase
Relaxation Phase |
|
|
Latent Phase |
Time between nerve stimulus and beginning of contraction ( 10 milliseconds) |
|
|
Contracting Phase |
Lasts 40 Milliseconds |
|
|
Relaxation Phase |
Lasts about 50 Milliseconds |
|
|
ATP Provides.... |
Energy to allow the sliding of the actin and myosin filaments |
|
|
What Converts ADP back to ATP |
Creatine Phosphate (CP) |
|
|
_______ & _______ help produce ATP & CP and are stored as..... |
Glucose: stored in the muscle as glycogen
Oxygen: Stored as myoglobin |
|
|
Anaerobic Metabolism |
Used if oxygen needs exceeds oxygen supply |
|
|
Heat Production ( Three Way) |
-Muscle activity generates heat
- Panting or Sweating eliminated excess heat
-Shivering- muscle contraction that increase heat production |
|
|
Cardiac Muscle Characteristics |
- Small cells with a single nucleus - Intercalated Disks ( attachments between cadiac muscle cells) |
|
|
Physiology of Cardiac Muscle |
contract without external stimulation
groups of cardiac muscle cells contract at the rate of the most rapid cell in the group
contractions are rapid and wavelike |
|
|
The Heart is Innervated by ..... |
Nerves from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems |
|
|
Sympathetic Fibers |
Stimulate the heart to beat harder and faster as part of " fight or flight" |
|
|
Parasympathetic Fibers |
Inhibit cardiac function, causing the heart to beat slower, with less force |
|
|
Two Main Forms of Smooth Muscle |
Visceral Smooth Muscle Multi-Unit Smooth Muscle |
|
|
Visceral Smooth Muscle |
Large sheets of cells in the walls of some hollow organs |
|
|
Multi-Unit Smooth Muscle |
Small, discrete group of cells |
|
|
Characteristics of Smooth Muscle |
Small spindle shaped single nucleus Actin & Myosin filaments arranged as small contractile units that crisscross the cell |
|
|
Where is Visceral Muscle Found? |
The walls of many internal organs
Stomach Intestines Uterus Urinary Bladder |
|
|
How does Visceral Muscle Contract? |
In rhythmic waves without an external stimulant |
|
|
Where is Multi-Unit Smooth Muscle Found? |
Where small, delicate contractions are needed
Iris Walls of small blood vessels |
|
|
Tendons |
Fibrous connective tissue bands |
|
|
Aponeuroses |
Sheets of fibrous connective tissue |
|
|
Origin |
The most stable of a muscle's attachment sites |
|
|
Insertion |
Site that undergoes most of the movement when a muscle contracts |
|
|
Prime Mover |
Agonist
A muscle or muscle group that directly produces a desired movement |
|
|
Antagonist |
A muscle or muscle group that directly opposes the action of a prime mover |
|
|
Synergist |
A muscle that contracts at the same time as a prime mover and assists it in carrying out its action |
|
|
Fixation |
Muscles that stabilize joints to allow other movements to take place |
|
|
Muscle Naming Convention |
Action Shape Location Direction of Fibers Number of heads/divisions Attachment Sites |
|
|
Cutaneous Muscle Characteristics |
Thin Broad Superficial Little to no attachment to bones Serve to twitch the skin |
|
|
Cutaneous Muscle is Found Where? |
In the fascia just beneath the skin |
|
|
Function of Head of Neck Muscles |
control facial expression enable mastication( chewing) move structures such as eyes and ears support the head allow the head and neck to extend, flex, and move laterally |
|
|
Head and Neck Muscles: Masseter |
Closes the jaw |
|
|
Head and Neck Muscles: Splenius & Trapezius |
Extend the head & Neck |
|
|
Head and Neck Muscles: Brachiocephalicus |
Extends the head & neck, and also pulls the front leg forward |
|
|
Head and Neck Muscles: Sternocephalicus |
Flexes the head & neck |
|
|
Function of Abdominal Muscles |
Support the abdominal organs Help flex the back Participate in various functions involving straining Respiration |
|
|
Layers of Abdominal Muscles |
External abdominal oblique muscle Internal abdominal oblique muscle Rectus abdominis muscle Transversus abdominis muscle |
|
|
Left & Right part of abdominal muscles come together on the ventral midline at the_____ _____ |
Linea Alba |
|
|
Thoracic Limb Muscles: Latissimus Dorsi Muscle |
Flexes the shoulder |
|
|
Thoracic Limb Muscles: Pectoral Muscles |
One superficial and one deep ; adduct the front leg |
|
|
Thoracic Limb:Deltoid Muscle |
Abducts and flexes the shoulder joint |
|
|
Thoracic Limb: Biceps Brachii Muscle |
Flexes the elbow joint |
|
|
Thoracic Limb: Triceps Brachii Muscle |
Extends the elbow joint |
|
|
Thoracic Limb Muscles: Extensor Carpi Radialis Muscle |
Extends the Carpus |
|
|
Pelvic Limb Muscles: Gluteal Muscles |
Extensor muscles of the hip |
|
|
Pelvic Limb Muscles: Hamstrings mak |
Main flexors of the stifle joint -biceps femoris muscle -Semimembranosus muscle -Semitendinosus muscle
|
|
|
Function of Muscles of Respiration |
increase and decrease the size of the thoracic cavity |
|
|
Muscles of Respiration: Inspiratory Muscles |
Diaphragm External Intercostal Muscles |
|
|
Muscles of Respiration: Expiratory Muscles |
Internal Intercostal Muscles Abdominal Muscles |
