Chapter 7: Skeletal System

Front 1

bone functions

Back 1

support and protection, body movement, blood cell formation, storage of fats, storage of inorganic salts

Front 2

bone tissue

Back 2

type of connective tissue with cells called osteocyte and a matrix contain calcium salts

Front 3

spongy bone tissue

Back 3

porous bone tissue, bone mass is not organized in any manner and are in irregular plates consisting of the osteocytes and matrix

Front 4

compact bone tissue

Back 4

uniform and highly organized, osteon is the functional and structural unit

Front 5

long bone

Back 5

Type of bone classified as the length of the bone is greater than the width of the bone, walls are compact bone tissue, ends are spongy bone tissue, majority of bone mass is compact bone tissue. (femur, humerus)

Front 6

short bone

Back 6

Type of bone classified as the length and width of the bone are roughly equal. Contains more spongy bone than compact bone. (carpals, tarsals)

Front 7

flat bone

Back 7

Type of bone classified as thin yet have broad surface, consists of both bone tissues. (skull bones, sternum)

Front 8

irregular bone

Back 8

Type of bone classified as having no specific shape, consists of both bone tissues. (facial, vertebrae)

Front 9

articular cartilage

Back 9

covers the ends of the long bone to decrease friction in a joint, consists of hyaline cartilage.

Front 10

epiphysis (-ses)

Back 10

end of the long bone made up of spongy bone tissue, the proximal and distal contains red bone marrow.

Front 11

diaphysis

Back 11

shaft of the long bone, walls are mainly compact bone, medial region has a hollow cavity

Front 12

medullary cavity

Back 12

hollow cavity in the medial region of diaphysis, contains blood vessels, nerves, yellow marrow

Front 13

periosteum

Back 13

fibrous yet vascular connective tissue of the diaphysis, plays a part in bone repair

Front 14

landmarks

Back 14

sites of attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments, passages for nerves and blood vessels

Front 15

central canal (haversion)

Back 15

opening that extends longitudinally and contains blood vessels and nerves, part of the compact bone

Front 16

perforating canal

Back 16

opening that extends perpendicular or transverse to the central canal, contains blood vessels and nerves, connects to central canals

Front 17

osteocyte

Back 17

mature, fixed bone cell that is enclosed in a lacuna

Front 18

lamella (-ae)

Back 18

concentric ring of bone mass around the central canal, intracellular matrix contains collagen, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate

Front 19

canliculus (-li)

Back 19

tiny canal that radiate from the lacuna to transport nutrients and wastes among the osteocytes

Front 20

osteoblasts

Back 20

bone building cells, appears during bone formation and bone repair to deposit calcium and bone tissue, can reside permanently in bone tissue to become osteocytes

Front 21

osteocytes

Back 21

mature and fixed bone cells, reside in bone tissue to lay down bone mass

Front 22

osteoclasts

Back 22

bone breaking cells, release calcium from bones if calcium levels are low in the blood and will form the medullary cavity during bone development

Front 23

axial skeleton

Back 23

skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thorax

Front 24

appendicular skeleton

Back 24

pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

Front 25

fibrous joints

Back 25

dense connective tissue between bones, immovable joints or synarthrotic, sutures of the skull, joint between tibia and fibula at the distal end

Front 26

cartilaginous joints

Back 26

hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage between the bones, allow limited movement or amphiarthrotic, fibrocartilage disks between the vertebrae, the symphysis pubis of the pelvic girdle

Front 27

synovial joints

Back 27

allows for free movement or diarthrotic, most complex joint

Front 28

joint capsule

Back 28

outermost covering of synovial joint and will allow for ligaments to attach in order to reinforce the joint

Front 29

synovial membrane

Back 29

thin and vascular connective membrane that is the inner membrane of the synovial joint, secretes fluid into joint cavity to provide lubrication and nutrients

Front 30

joint cavity

Back 30

space enclosed laterally by the synovial membrane and the superior and inferior edges are the epiphyses of the bone

Front 31

meniscus (-ci)

Back 31

flatten fibrocartilage pad located between the articulating surfaces of the bones to aid in movement and serve as shock absorbers

Front 32

bursa (-ae)

Back 32

fluid filled sac located near the between tendons and bone prominences to aid in tendon movement and to cushion the joint

Front 33

ball and socket joint

Back 33

type of synovial joint consists of a bone with globular or egg shaped head articulating with the cup shaped cavity of another bone, movements in all planes including rotation

Front 34

condyloid joint

Back 34

type of synovial joint consisting of an ovoid condyle fitting into an elliptical cavity, variety of movement in different planes, but no rotation

Front 35

plane (gliding) joint

Back 35

type of synovial joint where articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved, allowing a back and forth motion, sliding or twisting

Front 36

hinge joint

Back 36

type of synovial joint when a convex surface fits into a concave surface, flexion and extension

Front 37

pivot joint

Back 37

type of synovial joint when a cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of bone and fibrous tissue, rotation around a central axis

Front 38

saddle joint

Back 38

type of synovial joint where articulating surfaces have both concave and convex areas, variety of movements, mainly in two planes

Front 39

flexion

Back 39

bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together (bending the knee)

Front 40

extension

Back 40

moving parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart (straightening the knee)

Front 41

dorsiflexion

Back 41

movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin (rocking back on ones heels)

Front 42

plantar flexion

Back 42

movement at the ankle that brings the foot farther from the shin (walking or standing on one's toes)

Front 43

hyperextension

Back 43

term sometimes used to describe the extension of the parts at a joint behind the anatomical position, often used to describe abnormal extension beyond the normal range of motion, resulting in injury

Front 44

abduction

Back 44

moving a part away from the midline (lifting the upper limb horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body

Front 45

adduction

Back 45

moving a part toward the midline (returning the upper limb from the horizontal position to the side of the body)

Front 46

rotation

Back 46

moving a part around an axis (twisting the head from side to side)

Front 47

circumduction

Back 47

moving a part so that its end follows a circular path (moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand)

Front 48

pronatation

Back 48

rotation of the forearm so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly (in anatomical position)

Front 49

supination

Back 49

rotation of the forearm so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly (in anatomical position)

Front 50

eversion

Back 50

turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally

Front 51

inversion

Back 51

turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially

Front 52

retraction

Back 52

moving a part backward (pulling the head backward)

Front 53

protraction

Back 53

moving a part forward (thrusting the head forward)

Front 54

elevation

Back 54

raising a part (shrugging the shoulders)

Front 55

depression

Back 55

lowering a part (drooping the shoulders)