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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Patois
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French word for the dialect or language of the peasants used by the masses since education was available only in the minority
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Volkssprache
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German word for the dialect or language of the peasants spoken by the masses since education was available only in the minority
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Carnival
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An event that went on for several weeks preceding Lent; "farewell to meet:; climaxed in the Mardi Gras in France; time for big eating and heavy drinking and for general merrymaking and foolery; comical processions; farces and mock sermons; tugs-of-war, footraces, kind of football; common theme="the world turned upside down"; defying custom and ridiculing authority; people of all classes took part, but eventually elites pulled away somewhat
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"Diamond" Pitt
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Born in 1652; son of a clergyman in the Church of England; went to India in 1674; interloper in defiance of the legal monopoly of the East India Company; prosecuted by the company but rich enough to buy the manor of Stratford; House of Commons; employed into company after competing so fiercely with it; traded on his own and for company; defended Madras; bought a diamond that had originated from a slave who had hid it in a wound and that eventually was cut, sold, and placed in the French crown and worth tons of money; legacy extends to Seven Years' War in William Pitt; died 1726
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Laborde
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Born in 1724 to a bourgeois family of southern France; worked for an Uncle in Bayonne who traded with Spain and East; built up vast plantations and slaveholdings in Santo Domingo; brought sugar to Europe and returned with building materials; title of marquis, though not used; developed Chaussee d' Antin; sent by French government to borrow money in Spain during Seven Years' War; Spain lent money to him personally but not Louis XV; contributed to American Revolution by helping finance French army and navy; investment agent for Voltaire; helped finance the insurrection which led to the fall of the Bastille and the Revolution; guillotined in 1794
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Plantation System
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Economic unit consisting of a considerable tract of land, a sizable investment of capital, often owned by absentees in France or England, and a force of impressed labor, supplied by black workers brought from Africa as slaves; sugar, produced in quantity with cheap labor at a low cost, proved to have an inexhaustible market
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Domestic System
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System in which people employed as wage earners by merchant capitalists worked characteristically in their own cottages, where the majority of the people lived in the country rather than cities
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"Cottage Industries"
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aka the Domestic System
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Law
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Scottish financier of France; mathematical system in gambling at cards; developed the Mississippi Company; later threatened due to the monopoly of the company; had created a bank that was later dissolved; Prince Regent of France was attracted to his policies
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Walpole
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English statesman whose policy was to keep peace abroad and conciliate all interests at home; held office for 2 decades, toward the end of which England went to war with France; helped companies that had been part of the South Sea bubble; kept out of controversies, appeased the Tories and Whigs alike in his economic policies; created cabinet system of government who were also elected members of Parliament and who eventually became one party; wanted to prevent the need for greater taxes; no debt repudiated under him; beginnings of prime minister
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Fleury
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French statesman whose policy was to keep peace abroad and conciliate all interests at home; held office for 2 decades, toward the end of which France went to war with England; all of debt was repudiated; went to war with Habsburgs; tried to keep peace; conducted French affairs
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George I
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Hanoverian who did not speak English that became the king as of 1714 in England; Parliament used this to assert its authority over government affairs; supported by the Whigs who represented the property owner and dominated the hereditary House of Lords; enemy of Jacobites; became king due to Act of Settlement of 1701; nearest relative of the Stuarts (Queen Anne, last reigning Stuart, died); Protestant; German; unpopular; sparked undoing of Glorious Revolution for those who wanted to put "James III" on the throne
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Mississippi Bubble
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Monopoly formed by the Mississippi Company founded by Law; monopoly of trade with Louisiana, where it founded New Orleans; soon absorbed the French East India, China, Senegal, and African monopolies; enjoyed a legal monopoly of all French colonial trade; company assumed French debt, which involved dividends and shares taken up by the public, resulting in the loss of ancestral estates and life savings when the bubble broke
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South Sea Bubble
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English South Sea company that outbid the Bank of England, taking over a large fraction of the public debt by receiving government "bonds" from their owners in return for shares of its stock; the size and speed of profits to be made in Spanish America were greatly exaggerated, and the market value of South Sea shares rose rapidly for a time; promoters organized more companies within the South Sea Company, and shares in such enterprises were snatched at mounting prices; in September 1720, South Sea stockholders began to sell, doubting whether operations would pay the proper dividends a share; dragged down the whole unstable structure, causing people to lose their savings and inheritances
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War of Jenkin's Ear
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In 1730s there were complaints of indignities suffered by Britons on the Spanish Main; war party produced Captain Jenkins, who carried with him a withered ear, which he said had been cut from his head by the outrageous Spaniards; stirred up a commotion which led to war while testifying in the House of Commons; 1739; merged into a conflict involving Europeans and others in all parts of the world; European wars no longer contained within Europe
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Cabinet System
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System in which the prime minister and the ministers who head the cabinet departments are also members of the legislative body developed by Walpole, the first prime minister, who began to acknowledge the principle of cabinet responsibility to a majority in Parliament, which was to become an important characteristic of cabinet government; body of ministers bound to each other and to the prime minister, obligated to follow the same policies and to stand or fall as a group
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Parliamentary Government
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government by a body of cabinet ministers who are chosen from and responsible to the legislature and act as advisers to a nominal chief of state; same as cabinet system: Parliament gained more power when George I came to the throne due to his inability to be an effective king since he was a foreigner
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Jacobites
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The Scots and some religious dissidents sought to overturn the settlement of the Glorious Revolution; the Stuart partisans, known by this term, were strongly opposed by the Whigs loyal to George I; in 1715 and again in 1745, these attempted a rebellion, the second time under Bonnie Prince Charlie, the grandson of James II; it was nearly successful but was ultimately crushed, and the Scottish clans were decimated; wanted the son of James who had fled to France to be king, and believed he would be accepted if denounced Catholic faith, though he was known as the Pretender to others
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Frederick the Great (II)
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Started War of the Austrian Succession; became king in 1740; unhappy youth due to pressure to be militaristic from his father; greatest reputation as soldier, though retained literary interests; historian of merit; respectable standing if considered only as a writer; considered all religions as ridiculous; no nonsense about the rights of the house of Brandenburg, solemn view of the majesty of the state; Prussian king;decided to conquer Silesia, going against Pragmatic Sanction
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Maria Theresa
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Heiress to the domains of the Austrian Habsburgs according to the Pragmatic Sanction, though the sanction was universally disregarded; at time of War of Austrian Succession was 23; proved to be on e of the most capable rulers of ever produced from the House of Habsburgs; 16 children; devout and earnest; model of conscientious family living at a time of much indifference to such matters among upper classes; dominated her husband and grown sons, kingdoms and duchies; reconstructed the empire w/o any doctrinaire program, and accomplished more in her methodical way with more spectacular projects of reform; chief concern was Hungary, relatively newly acquired by Habsburgs; gained Hungarian support; won back Bohemia
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Clive
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British military leader during the Seven Years' War; advanced British interests in India; had come to India many years before as a clerk for the East India Company but had shown military talents and an ability to comprehend Indian politics; had maneuvered, with little success, against Dupleix in the Carnatic in 1740s; shifted attention to Bengal in 1756, hoping to drive out favored French; routed Suraja Dowla at Plassey and put own puppet on Bengal throne; appointed "governor" of Bengal upon return; strove to reduce the almost incredible corruption of company employees in India, individuals normal enough but demoralized by irresistible chances for easy riches; committed suicide in 1774
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Dupleix
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First European to exploit the possibilities of the changing situation in mid-eighteenth-century India was this Frenchman; believed that the funds sent out by the company in Paris to finance the Indian trade were insufficient; idea seems to have been to make the company into a local territorial power in order that, from taxes and other political revenues, it might have more capital for its commercial operations; during years of peace in Europe after 1748, found himself with 2000 French troops in Carnatic, whom he lent out to neighboring local rulers in return for territorial concessions; began to drill Indian soldiers by European methods, creating sepoys; backed claimants to various Indian thrones and built up clientele of local rulers under obligation to himself; successful, but recalled to France in 1754 b/c company became apprehensive of war with Britain and other trouble; died in disgrace; fought successfully against Clive
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The War of the Pragmatic Sanction
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The struggle on the Continent in the 1740s over the Habsburg inheritance
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The War of Jenkin's Ear (2)
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The opening hostilities between England and Spain; called as such by the English
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The Seven Years' War
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Name given to the conflicts between 1756 and 1763; involved the principal issues of the global duel of Britain and France for colonies, trade, and sea power, and the European duel of Prussia and Austria for territory and military power in central Europe; began in America; ended by Peace of Paris of 1763; hand in hand w/ War of Austria Succession
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The French and Indian Wars
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Term used by British colonials in America for the whole sporadic conflict between France and England, as well as the duels between Prussia and Austria
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King George's War
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Name for the fighting of the 1740s given by the British colonials in America
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War of Austria Succession
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Name given to the conflicts between 1740 and 1748; involved the global duel of Britain and France for colonies, trade, and sea power, and the European duel of Prussia and Austria for territory and military power in central Europe; goes hand in hand w/ Seven Years' War; settled with treaty of Hubertusburg
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Sepoys
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Indian troops who served in the military forces of the European companies; trained in Western military style; created by Dupleix
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Battle of Plassey
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In 1757, the English, under Robert Clive, defeated the French with the help of sepoys and strong naval forces
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Silesian Wars
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The name given by the Prussians to three wars involving Frederick the Great's ambition to acquire and rule Silesia from the Habsburgs; Frederick ended up winning and retaining Silesia
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