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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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________________ is defined as the physiological and psychological factors that account for the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior. |
Motivation |
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The three factors of motivation are: ____________, ____________, and ________________ of behavior. |
Arousal, Direction, and Persistence |
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____________ is unlearned species-specific behaviors that are more complex than reflexes and triggered by environmental events called releasing stimuli. Ex: Eye Blinking |
Instincts |
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Involuntary, unlearned, species-specific behaviors are triggered by specific environmental events called _______________. Ex: Bats locate moths using sonar waves, these sonar waves are considered ______________. |
Releasing Stimuli |
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_____________ is the scientific study of animal behavior under natural conditions. Ex: Studying investigating reproductive and aggressive behavior of stickleback fish is considered ____________. *NOSG |
Ethology |
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________________ founded behaviorism with the goal to understand the relations between environmental stimuli and response. |
John B. Watson |
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An internal motivational state that is created by psychological needs is a ______________. Ex: Hunger |
Drive |
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________________ was the man who used the concept of drives to link psychological processes and behavior. He eventually came up with the drive reduction theory. |
Clark Hull |
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__________________ theory that views motivated behavior as designeed to reduce physiological imbalances and return the organisms back to homeostasis. Ex: Jessica and Susan ate and drank water after running the marathon. |
Drive-Reduction Theory |
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____________________ theory states that the body functions best at a specific level of arousal, which varies from one individual to another. Ex: If our levels drop too low we might like to go out to a nightclub with friends. If the levels are too high, we want to take a nap. |
Optimum-level Theory
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According to ______________ theories, we are motivated to achieve a psychological state in which our beliefs and behaviors are consistent because inconsistency is unpleasant. Ex; Students who think about studying but never get around to it achieve consistency through thoughts and actions. |
Cognitive-Consistency Theories
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A psychological state know as ______________ occurs when a person has two inconsistent or incompatible thoughts or cognitions. Ex: A person who believes in being environmentally friendly drives a car that isn't clean for the environment. |
Cognitive Dissonance |
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A psychological state called _______________ occurs when a person wants to reduce discomfort of incompatible thoughts by making them compatible. Ex: Thinking smoking causes lung cancer will cause dissonance if a person smokes, but new information such as “research has not proved definitely that smoking causes lung cancer” may reduce the dissonance. |
Cognitive Consonance
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___________________ suggest that people see motivated behavior as being pulled by goals; the larger the goal, they stronger they are pulled to achieve the goal. Ex: - A person buys popcorn when they're full because they love popcorn. - A person buy there dream car not because they need a car. |
Incentive Theories
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Abraham Maslow's view that basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs can be satisfied is called __________________.
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Hierarchy of Needs
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What is the order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs from strongest and most psychologically needed? *Start from base of pyramid, BSAES-A |
- Biological: need for food, water, air, rest, etc. - Safety: Security and Comfort - Attachment: Need to belong, be loved. - Esteem: Need for confidence, sense of worth. - Self-Actualization: Fulfilling goals |
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_______________ is the need to develop one's full potential and is highest level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Ex: Being the best office manager. |
Self-Actualization |
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_________________ is a numerical index calculated from a person's height and weight that is used to indicate health status and disease risk. *Can be incorrect for bodybuilders and pregnant women. |
Body Mass Index (BMI)
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__________ and ___________ are the two types of eating disorders.
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Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
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A potentially life threatening eating disorder occurring primarily in adolescent and young adult females that occurs because of an intense fear of becoming fat which leads to self starvation and weight loss accompanied by a belief that one is fat despite objective evidence to support it is called ______________.
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Anorexia Nervosa |
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Eating disorder in which a victim alternately consumes large amounts of food (gouging) and then empties the stomach (purging), usually by induced vomiting is called ______________. This is also typical in young women.
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Bulimia Nervosa
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____________________ theory states that physiological changes occur before the emotion and actually create the feelings we label as emotion. Ex: We feel sorry because we cry, afraid because we tremble and not the other way around. |
James-Lange Theory
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Before William James and Carl Lange proposed their theories, it was believed that internal or external stimulus triggers an emotion and the emotion, in turn, produces a psychological change; this concept was called ____________. Ex: We cry because we feel sorry. |
Common Sense View of Emotions
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_________________ theory believed that the thalamus relays information simultaneously to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system, causing emotional feelings and psychological changes to occur at the same time. Ex: Fear felt when pilot states "there is a problem with the engines" is instantaneous and proceeds releasing epinephrine (adrenaline). |
Cannon Bard Theory
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The James-Lange theory was criticized by ____________ and his colleague _____________, who argues that the physiological changes that occur during emotional episodes are not diverse or complex enough to account for the range of emotions we experience.
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Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
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The _________ (often called the rational part of the brain) grew from what could be called the emotional part of the brain. Ex: Rabbit can run faster or die, but by contrast, humans evolved ________ offers several options like: run, fight, dial 911, and so on. |
Cortex |
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The ______________ is probably the most important in discussion of emotions and is a network of structures located beneath the cortex that includes: the amygdala and thalamus.
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Limbic System
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_______________ is the small-almond shaped structure that receives sensory inputs and immediately evaluates the emotional of stimuli; whereas the cortex evaluates the mean of the inputs.
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Amygdala
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Research has substantiated the importance of the __________ to emotions. Ex: Animals who has this removed lack fear and rage responses. |
Amygdala
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Joseph LeDoux found that the ________________ reacts instantly to sensory inputs and can trigger flight-or-flight response while the cortex is evaluating inputs and making decisions.
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Amygdala
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The ______________ can inhibit the activation in amygdala to reduce the physiological changes in the body for the fight and flight response. _____________ is analyzing information to decide whether the it is proper emotion at that situation.
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Frontal Lobe
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The _________ is quick and messy, while the ________________ takes more time and delivers a more precise interpretation of events. Both processes are happening simultaneously.
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Low Road, High road
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The door knocking against the door frame is the stimulus. As soon as you hear the sound and see the motion, your brain sends this sensory data to the ___________. At this point, the ____________ doesn't know if the signals it's receiving are signs of danger or not, but since they might be, it forwards the information to the __________. This then receives the neural impulses and takes action to protect you: It tells the hypothalamus to initiate the fight-or-flight response that could save your life if what you're seeing and hearing turns out to be an intruder. This could be considered the __________ road. |
Thalamus, Amygdala, Low Road
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The main function of the ____________ is to relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex. It also regulates sleep, alertness and wakefulness
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Thalamus
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The ____________ road of fear is quick and messy and takes the short path to responding to a stimulus by going to the thalamus then to amygdala and finally going to the hypothalamus. Ex: Hearing a noise and immediately protecting yourself. Shoot First. |
Low Road
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The ___________ road of fear takes more time and delivers a more precise interpretation of events because it responds to a stimulus by going to the thalamus, then to sensory cortex to interpret the data and passes it along to the hippocampus to establish context, then to amygdala with decision. The hypothalamus then decides if it should turn off/on fight-or-flight response. Ex: Hearing noise, interpreting possibilities of noise, clarifying noise, turning of fight-or-flight. |
High Road
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What are six emotions recognized everywhere?
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anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise |
