Chapter 7 Learning

Front 1

learning

Back 1

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior, due to experience

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associative learning

Back 2

learning that two events occur together

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classical conditioning

Back 3

type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli, and thus to anticipate events, Ivan Pavlov led to understanding of classical conditioning

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Ivan Pavlov

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studied salivary secretion in dogs, put food in dog's mouth, salivates, dog salivated to stimuli associated with food, experiment: pair neutral stimulus wit food presentation, will dog associate two stimuli (food and neutral stimulus)

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Aquisition

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initial learning of stimulus-response relationship, before conditioning, NS doesn't produce CR, NS and US, NS becomes a CS producing a CR, strength of CR gradually grows until it gets to be as strong as UR

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Higher order conditioning

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occurs when NS is paired with existing CS, eventually causing same CR

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Extinction

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diminishing of conditioner response

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spontaneous recovery

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the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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Generalization

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the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

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Discrimination

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the learned ability to distinguished between a CS and other irrelevant stimuli

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operant conditioning

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organisms associate their behaviors with consequences, behavior followed by desirable consequences increase in frequency, behaviors followed by undesirable consequences decrease in frequency

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respondent behavior

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classical conditioning, behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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operant behavior

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behavior that "operates" on the environment producing consequences

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B.F. Skinner

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most influential behaviorist, behaviorism disregard cognition, psychology based on observable behavior, wanted to find better ways of measuring behavior, influenced by Pavlov

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E.L. Thorndike

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law of effect-rewarded behavior is likely to recur, puzzle box-place cat inside, reward placed outside box, cat eventually stumble across solution, too less time to escape every trial

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Shaping

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reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximation of desired behavior

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reinforcer

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any event that strengthens or increases the frequency of, a preceding response

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positive reinforcer

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stimulus presented after a response causing an increase in the rate of response

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negative reinforcer

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stimulus that causes an increase in the rate of response, works by removing the stimulus

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primary reinforcer

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stimulus that is innately satisfying like one that satisfies a biological need (food or water)

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conditioned (secondary) reinforcer

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stimulus that works because of its association with a primary reinforcer (money)

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continuous reinforcerment

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behaviors are reinforced every time they occur, learning occurs rapidly, but so does extinction

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partial (intermittent) reinforcement

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only reinforce some responses, initial learning slower, more resistant to extinction, four differed schedules: fixed-ratio, variable-ration, fixed-interval, variable-interval

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fixed-ratio schedules

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reinforce behavior after a set number of responses

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variable-ratio

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reinforce after an unpredictable number of responses

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fixed-interval

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reinforce the first response after a fixed time period

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variable-interval

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reinforces first response after varying time intervals

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punishment

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decreases behavior

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positive punishment

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administer an aversive stimulus (spanking)

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negative punishment

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withdraw a desirable stimulus (take away favorite toy)

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observational learning

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learning by observing and imitating others

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modeling

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process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

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mirror neurons

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neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so, provides a neural basis for our ability to imitate

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Bandura's Experiment

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adult begins to assault "Bobo" doll around room, when children are frustrated begin to act similar to adult
likely to imitate actions that go unpunished, likely to imitate models we perceive to be similar to us, likely to imitate models who seem successful or admirable