Chapter 7 Learning

Front 1

What is learning?

Back 1

The process of acquiring and enduring relatively enduring information or behaviors

Front 2

What is associative learning?

Back 2

-our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence
-events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or
-a response and its consequence (operant conditioning)

Front 3

what is associated in classical learning?

Back 3

-two stimuli are associated together and to expect the event.

Front 4

What is associated in operant conditioning?

Back 4

-we learn to associate our response (behavior) and the consequence
-we learn to repeat acts that are followed by good results

Front 5

classical conditioning

Back 5

-developed by Pavlov
-a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate subsequent events.
-bevariorism

Front 6

US

Back 6

-unconditioned stimulus
-a stimuli that naturally triggers a response
- in experiement: the food/ meat powder

Front 7

UR

Back 7

-Unconditioned response
-an unlearned naturally recurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
-In experiment: The dogs drooling in response to meat

Front 8

CR

Back 8

-Conditioned response
-a learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned stimulus.
-in experiment: salivation in response to the tone

Front 9

CS

Back 9

-conditioned stimulus
-an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response
-In experiment: tone after training

Front 10

Neutral stimulus

Back 10

-a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Front 11

delay conditioning

Back 11

-the conditioned stimuli is presented and overlapped by the unconditioned stimuli

Front 12

backward conditioning

Back 12

-occurs when a conditioned stimuli immediately follows an unconditioned stimuli
-the conditioned response to the given conditioned stimuli is inhibitory

Front 13

Between delay conditioning and backward conditioning which works better?

Back 13

-Delay conditioning

Front 14

Acquisition

Back 14

-the initial learning of the stimulus response relationship
-the linking of the NS to the US so that the NS begins triggering the CR,

Front 15

extinction

Back 15

-the diminished responding that occurs when the CS no longer signals an impending US.

Front 16

Generalization

Back 16

-the tendency to respond likewise to similar stimuli after a response has been conditioned

Front 17

Discrimination

Back 17

-the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimulus

Front 18

spontaneous recovery

Back 18

-the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Front 19

systematic desensitization

Back 19

-helps overcome phobias

Front 20

conditioned taste aversion

Back 20

-examples of single trial learning
-it requires only a one time pairing of a previously neutral stimulus and an unconditioned response to establish an automatic response.

Front 21

How does conditioned taste aversion differ from other classical conditioning?

Back 21

-resistant to extinction
-one trial can last a long time
-doesn't occur with visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli

Front 22

Why is taste easily associated with illness

Back 22

-because our biology prepares us to learn taste aversion to toxic food

Front 23

Operant conditioning

Back 23

-organisms associate their own actions with consequences
-behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer
-diminished if followed by a punishment

Front 24

b.F Skinner

Back 24

College englsih major who then pursued a career in psychology and as a result became one of behavioral psychology's most influential and controversial figures.

Front 25

Skinner Box

Back 25

-an operant chamber
-has a bar or a key that an animal can press to release a reward of food or water.

Front 26

hte Law of effect

Back 26

-Rewarded behavior is likely to recur
-behavior that is followed by consequence becomes less likely to recur.

Front 27

Positive reinforcer

Back 27

-strengthens a response by presenting a pleasurable stimulus after a response
-add a desirable stimulus

Front 28

negative reinforcer

Back 28

-remove an aversive stimulus
-strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative
-but is not a punishment

Front 29

What are some possible problems with punishment?

Back 29

-stops all behavior
-increases aggressiveness
-reappears in safe settings
-punished fears the punisher

Front 30

primary reinforcer

Back 30

-unlearned
-innate reinforcing stimulus
might be one that satisfies a biologic need

Front 31

conditioned (secondary) reinforcer

Back 31

-gets power through learned association with primary reinforcer
-money, good grades, rewards, are secondary because they are all linked with more basic rewards

Front 32

Token

Back 32

-anything over the quota is extra
-the quota continues to go up

Front 33

delayed reinforcer

Back 33

-marshmallow experiment
-if there is too long of a delay between a response and reward, the reinforcer will not work

Front 34

Shaping

Back 34

-subject associates pleasure with desired behavior

Front 35

punishment

Back 35

-an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

Front 36

discriminative stimulus

Back 36

-differentiating between 500 Hz and 700 hz and responding to them differently

Front 37

Continuous reinforcement

Back 37

-reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
-results in quick learning, but little resistance to extinction

Front 38

partial reinforcement

Back 38

reinforcing a response only part of the time
-results in slower learning but greater resistance to extinction

Front 39

What are the 4 basic schedules of reinforcement?

Back 39

-fixed ratio schedule
-variable ratio schedules
-fixed interval schedules
-variable interval schedule

Front 40

fixed ratio

Back 40

-reinforce behavior after a set number of responses
-high rate of responding

Front 41

variable ratio

Back 41

provide reinforcers after a seemingly unpredictable number of responses
-high rate of responding

Front 42

fixed interval

Back 42

-reinforce the first response after a fixed time period
-not a steady response, but stop-start pattern

Front 43

variable interval

Back 43

-reinforce the first response after varying time intervals
-we don't know when the waiting will ever be over

Front 44

Which type of schedule does a slot machine use?

Back 44

-variable ratio schedules

Front 45

Observational learning

Back 45

-learning by observing others
-learn without direct experience

Front 46

Modeling

Back 46

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Front 47

mirror neurons

Back 47

-neurons that fire in response to performing an action or seeing others do an action
-imitation or empathy

Front 48

Bobo doll

Back 48

-by watching a model we experience vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment
-the children lashed out at the bobo doll after observing adults to the same