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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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social process theory
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the view that criminality is a function pf people's interactions with various organizations,institutions,and process in society.
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parental efficacy
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parenting that is supportive,effetive,and noncoercive.
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social control theory
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the view that people committ crime when the forces that bind them to society are weakend or broken.
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social reaction theory
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the view that people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity.
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differential association theory
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according to sutherland,the principle that criminal acts are related to a person's exposure to an excess amount of antisocial attitudes and values.
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differential reinforcement theory
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an attempt to explain crime as a type of learned behavior.
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direct conditioning
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behavior is reinforced by being either rewarded or punished while interacting with others; also callled differential reinforcement.
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differential reinforcement
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behavior is reinforced by being either rewarded or punished while interacting with others.
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negative reinforcement
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using either negative stimuli(punishment) or loss of reward (negative punishment)to curtail unwanted behavior.
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neutralization theory
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neutralization theory holds that offenders adhere to conventional values while drifting into periods of illegal behavior.
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subterranean values
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morally tinged influences that have become entrenched in the culture but are publicly condemned.
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drift
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according to matza, the view that youths move in and out of delinquency and that their lifestyles can embrace both conventional and deviant values.
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commitment to conformity
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a strong personal investment in conventional institutions,individuals,and processes that prevent people from engaging in behavior that might jeopardize their reputation and achievements.
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containment theory
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the idea that a strong self-image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls of criminogenic influences in the enviroment.
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social bond
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ties a person has to the institutions and processes of society.
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symbolic interaction theory
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the socilogical view that people communicate through symbols. people interpret symbolic communication and incorporate it within their personality.
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racial profiling
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selecting suspects on the basis of their ethnic or racial background.
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reflected appraisals
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when parents are alienated from their children, their negative labeling reduces their children's self-image and increases delinquency.
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stigma
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an enduring label that taints a peersons identity and changes him or her in the eyes of others.
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retrospective reading
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the reassesment of a peerson's past to fit a current generalized label.
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dramatization of evil
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as the negative feedback of law enforcement agencies,parents,friends,teachers,and other figures amplifies the force of the original label, stigmatized offenders may begin to reevaluate theit own identities.
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primary deviance
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according to lemert, deviant acts that do not help redefine the self-image and public image of the offender.
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secondary deviance
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according to lemert, accepting deviant labels as a personal identity.
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contextual discrimation
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a practice in which african americans recieve harsher punishment in some instances, but not in others.
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diversion programs
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programs of rehabilitation that remove offenders from the normal channels of the criminal justice system, thus avoiding the stigma of a criminal label.
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