Chapter 7 Imagery

Front 1

Logogens

Back 1

the units containing the information underlying our use of a word that comprise the verbal system

Front 2

imagens

Back 2

the units containing information that generate mental images that make up the non-verbal system

Front 3

dual-coding theory

Back 3

the theory that verbal and non-verbal systems are alternative ways of representing events

Front 4

concreteness

Back 4

the degree to which a word refers to concrete objects, persons, places, or things that can be heard, felt, smelled or tasted

Front 5

Concrete/Abstract word pair study

Back 5

Two main effects:
concrete stimulus - better recall, concrete second word - better recall (p.198)

Front 6

left and right hemispheres

Back 6

theory that the left hemisphere of the brain controls speech and is better at processing verbal material than is the right hemisphere, which is better t performing non-verbal tasks

Front 7

lexical decisions task

Back 7

participants must indicate whether each stimulus is a word or not

Front 8

method of loci

Back 8

a mnemonic technique based on places and images

Front 9

bizarre imagery

Back 9

the hypothesis that bizarre images facilitate recall

Front 10

mnemonic techiques

Back 10

procedures used to aid memory

Front 11

results of abstract/concrete words and fMRI monitoring hemispheres

Back 11

Left: different (but equal in volume) patterns for a/c
Right: concrete words do not elicit activity

Front 12

distinctiveness

Back 12

the hypothesis that the more distinctive the item, the easier it is to recall

Front 13

Von Restorff effect

Back 13

IF one item in a set is different from the others, it will more likely to be recalled

Front 14

Special places strategy

Back 14

People try to put items in places they can easily remember, but that others will be able to discover (DOES NOT WORK)

Front 15

Inducers and concurrents

Back 15

The cue that elicits a synaesthetic experience is called an inducer, and the synaesthetic repsonse itself is called the concurrent

Front 16

metamemory

Back 16

the name for our beliefs about how memory works

Front 17

synaesthesia

Back 17

the power of the stimulus appropriate to one sense (e.g a sound) to arouse an experience appropriate to another sense (e.g. colour)

Front 18

chromaesthesia

Back 18

coloured hearing

Front 19

apoptosis

Back 19

programmed pruning of neurons; deficit likely responsible for synaesthetes

Front 20

strong synaesthetes

Back 20

people who are susceptible to an inducer in one sensory modality (e.g. a sound) producing a current image in another sensory modality (e.g. a colour)

Front 21

cross modal effects

Back 21

the ability to appreciate that the sensations of one modality can be similar to those in another modality

Front 22

weak synaesthetes

Back 22

people who can appreciate cross-modal associations without having strong synaesthetic experiences

Front 23

eidetic imagery

Back 23

images projected onto the external world that persist for a minute or more even after a stimulus, such as a picture, is removed

Front 24

cognitive dedifferentiation

Back 24

perceptual processes that typically function independently are fused instead (eidetic imagery = imagery + perception)

Front 25

icon

Back 25

the initial, brief representation of the information contained in a visual stimulus

Front 26

vividness of visual imagery

Back 26

the degree to which images are clear, lively, and resemble an actual percept (measured by VVIQ)`

Front 27

mental rotation

Back 27

the ability to imagine an object in motion and view it from different perspectives (60 degrees per second)

Front 28

objective distances

Back 28

the true distances between objects in the real world are preserved in our mental images

Front 29

categorical distance

Back 29

the number of units traversed during mental scanning, for instance, landmarks on an island map, rooms in a building or counties in a state

Front 30

images as anticipations

Back 30

the hypothesis that an image is a readiness to perceive something

Front 31

emergent properties

Back 31

new properties that emerge when a mental image is constructed (ie X - H superimposition - M or N?)

Front 32

analog form of representation

Back 32

the hypothesis that a mental image embodies the essential relationships of the thing it represents

Front 33

egocentric perspective transformations

Back 33

you imagine yourself moving, while the objects in the environment remain still

Front 34

spatial framework

Back 34

an imaginary space with one vertical (above/below) and two horizontal dimensions (ahead/behind and left/right)

Front 35

propositional knowledge

Back 35

the hypothesis that knowledge about the world is stored fin memory in the form of propositions

Front 36

cognitive map

Back 36

information from the environment is 'worked over and elaborated... into a tentative, cognitive-like map...indicating routes and paths and environmental relationships' (Tolman)

Front 37

egocentric frame of reference

Back 37

people use information available from their current perspective to orient themselves

Front 38

path integration

Back 38

one's position in relation to an important location is continuously updated as one moves through the environment

Front 39

mental models

Back 39

the theory that we construct a mental model of the situation to which a set of premises refers, on the basis of which we draw conclusions, i.e. representations of situations that enable us to understand and reason about them