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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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AGGLOMERATION DISECONOMIES
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THE NEGATIVE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION AND THE LOCAL CONCENTRATION OF INDUSTRY
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AGGLOMERATION EFFECTS
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INTER-DEPENDENCIES ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS KINDS OF ECONOMIC LINKAGES, INCLUDING THE COST ADVANTAGES THAT ACCRUE TO INDIVIDUAL FIRMS BECAUSE OF THEIR LOCATION AMONG FUNCTIONALLY RELATED ACTIVITIES
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ANCILLARY INDUSTRIES
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INDUSTRIES THAT MANUFACTURE PARTS AND COMPONENTS TO BE USED BY LARGER INDUSTRIES
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AUTARKY
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AN ECONOMIC POLICY OR SITUATION IN WHICH A NATION IS INDEPENDENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND NOT RELIANT UPON IMPORTED GOODS
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BACKWASH EFFECTS
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NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON A REGION(S) OF THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF SOME OTHER REGION
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CARRYING CAPACITY
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MAXIMUM NUMBER OF USERS THAT CAN BE SUSTAINED, OVER THE LONG TERM, BY A GIVEN SET OF NATURAL RESOURCES
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CONGLOMERATE CORPORATIONS
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COMPANIES THAT HAVE DIVERSIFIED INTO VARIOUS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, USUALLY THOUGH A PROCESS OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS
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CREATIVE DESTRUCTION
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THE WITHDRAWAL OF INVESTMENTS FROM ACTIVITIES (AND REGIONS) THAT YIELD LOW RATES OF PROFIT IN ORDER TO REINVEST IN NEW ACTIVITIES (AND NEW PLACES)
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CUMULATIVE CAUSATION
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A SPIRAL BUILDUP OF ADVANTAGES THAT OCCURS IN SPECIFIC GEOGRAPHIC SETTINGS AS A RESULT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXTERNAL ECONOMIES, AGGLOMERATION EFFECTS, AND LOCALIZATION ECONOMIES
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DEINDUSTRIALIZATION
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A RELATIVE DECLINE IN INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT IN CORE REGIONS
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DEPENDENCY
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HIGH LEVEL OF RELIANCE BY A COUNTRY ON FOREIGN ENTERPRISES, INVESTMENT, OR TECHNOLOGY
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ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
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MEASURE OF THE HUMAN PRESSURES ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT FROM THE CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES AND THE PRODUCTION OF POLLUTION INDICATING HOW MUCH SPACE A POPULATION NEEDS COMPARED TO WHAT IS AVAILABLE
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ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
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DEGREE TO WHICH LEVELS OF DEMAND FOR A PRODUCT OR SERVICE CHANGE IN RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN PRICE
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EXPORT-PROCESSING ZONES (EPZs)
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SMALL AREAS WITHIN WHICH ESPECIALLY FAVORABLE INVESTMENT AND TRADING CONDITIONS ARE CREATED BY GOVERNMENTS IN ORDER TO ATTRACT EXPORT-ORIENTED INDUSTRIES
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EXTERNAL ECONOMIES
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COST SAVINGS THAT RESULT FROM CIRCUMSTANCES BEYOND A FIRM'S OWN ORGANIZATION AND METHODS OF PRODUCTION
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FLEXIBLE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
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ABILITY OF MANUFACTURERS TO SHIFT QUICKLY AND EFFICIENTLY FROM ONE LEVEL OF OUTPUT TO ANOTHER, OR FROM ONE PRODUCT CONFIGURATION TO ANOTHER
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FORDISM
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PRINCIPLES FOR MASS PRODUCTION BASED ON ASSEMBLY-LINE TECHNIQUES, SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT, MASS CONSUMPTION BASED ON HIGHER WAGES, AND SOPHISTICATED ADVERTISING TECHNIQUES
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FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
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TOTAL OF OVERSEAS BUSINESS INVESTMENTS MADE BY PRIVATE COMPANIES
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GEOGRAPHICAL PATH DEPENDENCE
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HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRESENT ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH A PLACE AND THE PAST EXPERIENCE OF THAT PLACE
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GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)
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ESTIMATE OF THE TOTAL VALUE OF ALL MATERIALS, FOODSTUFFS, GOODS, AND SERVICES PRODUCED BY A COUNTRY IN A PARTICULAR YEAR
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GROSS NATIONAL INCOME (GNI)
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SIMILAR TO GDP, BUT ALSO INCLUDES THE VALUE OF INCOME FROM ABROAD
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GROWTH POLES
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ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES THAT ARE DELIBERATELY ORGANIZED AROUND ONE OR MORE HIGH-GROWTH INDUSTRIES
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IMPORT SUBSTITUITION
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PROCESS BY WHICH DOMESTIC PRODUCERS PROVIDE GOODS OR SERVICES THAT FORMERLY WERE BOUGHT FROM FOREIGN PRODUCERS
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INFRASTRUCTURE (FIXED SOCIAL CAPITAL)
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UNDERLYING FRAMEWORK OF SERVICES AND AMENITIES NEEDED TO FACILITATE PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY
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INITIAL ADVANTAGE
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CRITICAL IMPORTANCE OF AN EARLY START IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; A SPECIAL CASE OF EXTERNAL ECONOMIES
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INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR
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SPECIALIZATION, BY COUNTRIES, IN PARTICULAR PRODUCTS FOR EXPORT
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JUST-IN-TIME PRODUCTION
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS IN WHICH DAILY OR HOURLY DELIVERY SCHEDULES OF MATERIALS ALLOW FOR MINIMAL OR ZERO INVENTORIES
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LOCALIZATION ECONOMIES
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COST SAVINGS THAT ACCRUE TO PARTICULAR INDUSTRIES AS A RESULT OF CLUSTERING TOGETHER AT A SPECIFIC LOCATION
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NEO-FORDISM
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ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES IN WHICH THE LOGIC OF MASS PRODUCTION COUPLED WITH MASS CONSUMPTION IS MODIFIED BY THE ADDITION OF MORE FLEXIBLE PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND MARKETING SYSTEMS
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