Chapter 7 Energy For Cells

Front 1

In cellular respiration

Back 1

Hydrogen is oxidized and CO2 produced. Carbohydrates are oxidized to release energy also in this product oxygen is reduced

Front 2

enzymes that carry out oxidation during cellular respiration are assisted by non protein helpers called

Back 2

coenzymes, as glucose is oxidized the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+receive hydrogen atoms H+ +e- and become NADH and FADH2

Front 3

Glycolysis

Back 3

which occurs in the cytoplasm outside the mitochondria is the breakdown of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate 2 ATP are gained and oxidation results in NADH which will be used later for more ATP

Front 4

Preparatory (prep) reaction

Back 4

takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. Pyruvate is broken down to a 2-carbon acetyl group carried by coenzyme A (CoA) oxidation of pryruvate results in not onlyNADH but also CO2

Front 5

Citric acid cycle

Back 5

also takes place in the mitochondria. As oxidation occurs, NADH and FADH2 result in more CO@ is released. The citric acid cycle is able to produce 2 ATP per glucose molecule

Front 6

Electron Transport Chain

Back 6

is a series of electron carriers in the cristae of mitochondria NADH and FADH2 give up electrons to the chain. Energy is released and captured as the electrons move from higher energy to a lower energy state. H2O is produced here

Front 7

What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

Back 7

2 ATP are used to get started and 4 ATP are produced meaning a net gain of 2 ATP

Front 8

If oxygen is present,

Back 8

pyruvate the end product of glycolysis enters the mitochondria and undergoes further breakdown. if oxygen is not available pyruvate remains in the cytoplasm and undergoes reduction

Front 9

Preparatory Reaction

Back 9

Occurs in matrix of mitochondria
1. Pyruvate is oxidized and CO2 molecule is given off This part of the CO2 we breathe out
2 NAD) accepts a hydrogen atom, and NADH results
3. The product, C2 acetylgroup, is attached to coenzyme A (CoA) forming acetyl-Coa
therefore per glucose molecule, the total of 2CO2, 2NADH and 2acetyl-CoA

Front 10

Electron Transport Chain

Back 10

is a series of electron carriers in the cristae of mitochondria NADH and FADH2 give up electrons to the chain. Energy is released and captured as the electrons move from higher energy to a lower energy state. H2O is produced here

Front 11

What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

Back 11

2 ATP are used to get started and 4 ATP are produced meaning a net gain of 2 ATP

Front 12

If oxygen is present,

Back 12

pyruvate the end product of glycolysis enters the mitochondria and undergoes further breakdown. if oxygen is not available pyruvate remains in the cytoplasm and undergoes reduction

Front 13

Preparatory Reaction

Back 13

Occurs in matrix of mitochondria
1. Pyruvate is oxidized and CO2 molecule is given off This part of the CO2 we breathe out
2 NAD) accepts a hydrogen atom, and NADH results
3. The product, C2 acetylgroup, is attached to coenzyme A (CoA) forming acetyl-Coa
therefore per glucose molecule, the total of 2CO2, 2NADH and 2acetyl-CoA

Front 14

Citric Acid Cycle

Back 14

the C2 acetyl group carried by CoA joins with a C4 molecule and a C6 citrate molecule results the CoA returns to the preparatory reaction to be used again

Front 15

Citric Acid Cycle continues

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the acetyl group is oxidized, and the rest of the CO@ we beathe out per glucose molecule is released
both NAD+ and FAD accept hydrogen atoms, resulting in NADH and FADH2
Substrate level ATP is synthesis occurs and ATP results

Front 16

Because the citric acid cycle turns twice for each original glucose, the outputs and inputs of the citric cycle per glucose are as follows:

Back 16

inputs outputs
2 acetyl-Coa 4 CO2
6 NAD+ 6NADH
2FAD 2FADH2
2 ADP +P 2 ATP

Front 17

Electron Transport Carrier

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NADH and FADH2 deliever electrons to the chain--e- not H+ the high energy electrons enter the chain the low energy electrons leave the chain

Front 18

Electron Transport Carrier

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NADH delivers electrons enough energy has been captured by the time the electrons are received by the O2 to make 3 ATP and one water molecule

Front 19

Electron Transport Carrier

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FADH2 delivers electrons only 2 ATP molecules are formed and the cycle continues anew for both FAD and NAD+

Front 20

The carriers of Electron transport chain

Back 20

are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 21

the electron carriers in molecular complex

Back 21

use the energy released from oxidation to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space

Front 22

The cristae of the mitochondria contain

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an ATP synthase complex that allows H+ to return to the matrix this brings about a conformational chage which causes the eneyme ATP synthase to synthesize ATP from ADP+P

Front 23

Phase
Gycolysis
Prep reaction
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain

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NADH FADH2 ATP YIELD
2 0 2
2 0 0
6 2 2
10-------------------------------------------30
2 ---------------- 4
total ATP------------------------------- 38

Front 24

A Fatty acid with a chain of 18 carbons

Back 24

can make three times the acetyl groups that glucose does

Front 25

The complete break down of glycerol and fatty acids

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result in many more ATP per fat molecule than does the breakdown of glucose

Front 26

Instead of creating ATP

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ATP can be used to to create amino acids synthesize protein produce glycerol and acetyl group to be used as fatty acids this is why you gain weight from eating carbohydrate rich foods

Front 27

Fermentation

Back 27

which is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose (without oxygen). results in the production of 2ATP per glucose and the production of lactate

Front 28

Fermentation

Back 28

is essential because ATP is still produced it provides a rapid burst of ATP

Front 29

Oxygen deficit

Back 29

is signified by the fact that we continue to breathe very heavily for a time . Recovery is complete when oxygen is present to completely breakdown glucose

Front 30

Lactate

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formed in the muscles is carried away to the liver where it is recovered to pyrovate. some is oxidized completely and the rest is converted back to glucose

Front 31

Fermentation inputs and outputs

Back 31

inputs Outputs
glocose 2 lactate or
2 alcohol
2ATP 2ADP
4ADP+4P 4 ATP
2ATP net