Chapter 7 Energy Balance And Weight Control

Front 1

energy balance

Back 1

energy intake = energy expended (basal metabolism & physical activity)

Front 2

positive energy balance

Back 2

energy intake > energy expended (weight gain)

Front 3

negative energy balance

Back 3

energy intake < energy expended (weight loss)

Front 4

bomb calorimeter

Back 4

instrument for determining calorie content in food

Front 5

basal metabolism

Back 5

minimal # of calories body uses in fasting state when resting in a warm, quiet environment

= 1 kcal/kg/hr for men

= 0.9 kcal/kg/hr for women

-- also called basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Front 6

resting metabolism

Back 6

# of calories body uses when person has not eaten for 4 hours and is resting & awake in warm, quiet environment

-- also called resting metabolic rate (RMR)

Front 7

lean body mass

Back 7

body weight - fat storage weight = lean body mass (LBM)

-- includes organs, bone, blood, body fluids

Front 8

thermic effect of food

Back 8

increase in metabolism that occurs during digestion, absorption, & metabolism of nutrients (5% - 10% of calories consumed)

Front 9

adaptive thermogenesis

Back 9

ability of humans to regulate body temp within narrow limits; ex. fidgeting and shivering

Front 10

brown adipose tissue

Back 10

produces large amounts of heat by metabolizing energy-yielding nutrients without synthesizing much useful energy for the body; unused energy released as heat

Front 11

direct calorimetry

Back 11

method of determining body's energy use by measuring heat released from body; insulated chamber used

Front 12

indirect calorimetry

Back 12

method of measuring energy use by measuring oxygen uptake & carbon dioxide output; formulas used to convert gas exchange ratio into energy use

Front 13

BMI

Back 13

Body weight (kg)

_________________

height (in) squared

1. underweight: < 18.5

2. healthy: 18.5 - 24.9

3. overweight: 25 - 29.9

4. obese: 30 - 39.9

5. morbidly obese: >40

Front 14

underwater weighing

Back 14

method of estimating total body fat by weighing person on standard scale then weight person submerged in water; difference between weights is used to estimate total body volume

Front 15

air displacement

Back 15

estimates body composition that uses volume of space taken up by body inside a small chamber

Front 16

body density

Back 16

body weight

______________ = body density

body volume

% body fat = (495 / body density) - 450

Front 17

bioelectrical impedance

Back 17

method to estimate total body fat that uses low-energy electrical current; more fat, more resistance to electrical flow

Front 18

dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

Back 18

highly accurate method of measuring body composition & bone mass & density using multiple low-energy X rays

Front 19

upper-body obesity

Back 19

fat is stored in abdominal area; android obesity; apple shape

- men have waist circumference > 40 in

- women have waist circumference > 35 in

Front 20

skinfold measurements

Back 20

used to predict body fat content in 10 min, measurements taken at triceps & skinfolds

Front 21

lower-body obesity

Back 21

fat storage located in buttocks & thighs; called gynoid or gynecoid obesity; pear shape

Front 22

set point

Back 22

close regulation of body weight

Front 23

hypothalamus

Back 23

region at base of brain that contains cells that place role in regulation of energy intake, respiration, body temp, other body functions

Front 24

leptin

Back 24

hormone made by adipose tissue that influences long-term regulation of fat mass; influences insulin release

Front 25

good weight-loss plan

Back 25

1. control of calorie intake

2. increased physical activity

3. behavior modification

Front 26

chain-breaking

Back 26

breaking link between 2 or more behaviors that encourage overeating (ie snacking while watching TV)

Front 27

stimulus control

Back 27

altering environment to minimize stimuli for eating (ie storing food in cabinets)

Front 28

cognitive restructuring

Back 28

changing frame of mind regarding eating (ie subbing walk outside for overeating)

Front 29

contingency management

Back 29

forming plan of action to respond to situation where overeating is likely (ie snacks at a party)

Front 30

self-monitoring

Back 30

tracking foods eaten & conditions affecting eating (ex diary, with location, time, and state of mind)

Front 31

relapse prevention

Back 31

strategies to prevent & cope with weight-control lapses (ie recognizing high-risk situations & deciding beforehand on appropriate responses)

Front 32

amphetamine

Back 32

medications that induce stimulation of central nervous system & have other effects

Front 33

very-low-calorie diet (VLCD)

Back 33

protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF), 400-800 kcal per day, liquid form, 120 to 480 is carbs, & rest is high-quality protein

Front 34

bariatrics

Back 34

medical specialty focusing on treatment of obesity

Front 35

adjustable gastric banding

Back 35

restrictive procedure in which opening from esophagus to stomach is reduced by hollow gastric band

Front 36

gastroplasty

Back 36

gastric bypass surgery performed on stomach to limit vol to 30 ml; stomach stapling

Front 37

sleeve gastrectomy

Back 37

stomach reduction by 75% (size of banana); gastric sleeve

Front 38

underweight

Back 38

body mass index < 18.5