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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is contextualized language
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language grounded in the immediate context or the here and now
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what is decontextualized language
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relies on language to construct meaning
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what is emergent literacy
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the earliest period of learning about reading and writing
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Children's literacy abilities depend heavily on what?
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oral language skills
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emergent literacy achievements depend largely on children's what?
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metalinguistic ability
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What is metalinguistic ability?
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ability to view language as an object of attention.
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What are 3 important achievements in emergent literacy for preschoolers?
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alphabet knowledge, print awareness and phonological awareness
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What is alphabet knowledge?
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children's knowledge about the letters of the alphabet
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What is print awareness?
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children's understanding of the forms and functions of written language.
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What is phonological awareness?
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children's sensitivity to the sound units that make up speech
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When do children show an emerging knowledge of the alphabet?
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first 3 years of life
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During preschool, what will a child notice about letters?
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letters in their names, interest in their occuring in the environment on signs and labels and begin to write some letters in which they are familiar
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what is own name advantage?
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a phenomenon in which a child recognizes the letter in their own names
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What are the 4 complementary hypotheses on how preschool children learn letters?
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own name advantage, letter name pronunciation effect, letter order hypothesis, consonant order hypothesis
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What is letter name pronunciation effect?
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alphabet letter for which the name of the letter is in its pronunciation are learned earlier than letter for which this is not the case.
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What is letter order hypothesis?
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letters occurring earlier in the alphabet string are learned before letters occurring later in the alphabet string
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What is consonant order hypothesis?
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letters for which corresponding consonantal phonemes are learned early in development are learned earlier than letters for which corresponding consonantal phonemes are learned later.
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what achievements make up print awareness?
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development of print interest, recognition of print functions, understanding print conventions, understanding of print forms, recognition of print part-to-whole relationships.
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What is development of print interest?
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young children develop interest in an appreciation for print
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What is recognition of print functions?
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children understand that print conveys meaning and has a specific function
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What is understanding print conventions?
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understand rules of reading. (left to right, top to bottom)
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What is understanding print forms?
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children learn the language that describes specific print units, including words and letters
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What is recognition of print part to whole relationship?
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relationship among different print units, including how letters combine to form words
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phonological awareness goes from a ____ level to a ____ level?
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shallow, deep
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what do children with shallow level of phonological awareness show?
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an implicit and rudimentary sensitivity to large units of sound structure
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what can children with shallow level of phonological awareness detect and do?
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detect and produce rhymes, combine syllable onsets w/ the remainder of the syllable to produce a word and detect beginning sound similarities among words
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what do children with deep level of phonological awareness show?
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demonstrate an explicit and analytical knowledge of the smallest phonological segments of speech.
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what do children with deep level of phonological awareness detect and do?
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count the number of phonemes in words, can segment words into their constituent phonemes, can manipulate the phonological segments within words
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What happens after fast mapping?
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slow mapping?
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what is slow mapping?
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gradually refining word representations with time and multiple exposures to the word in varying contexts
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What are the 4 stages that E. Dale describes?
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non knowledge of a word, emergent knowledge, contextual knowledge, full knowledge
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During preschool what kind of mapping occurs with multiple exposures to words?
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extended mapping
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what is extended mapping?
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full and complete understanding of the meaning of the word
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preschoolers also use the N3C. T or F
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true
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What weigh heavily in toddlers overgeneralizations?
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perceptual features
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preschoolers use animacy of objects for what?
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inferring meanings of words
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what do preschoolers use animate objects for?
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referents for novel proper names
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what do preschools use inanimate objects for?
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referents for common nouns
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What are deictic terms?
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words whose use and interpretation depend on the location of a speaker and listener withing a particular setting
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what must children do to use deictic terms correctly?
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they must be able to adopt the conversational partner's perspective
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What types of relational terms are there?
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interrogatives, temporal terms, opposites, opposites, locational prepositions, kinship terms
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What are relational terms?
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additional achievements in content for preschoolers
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What are interrogatives?
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becoming adept at answering and asking questions
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What are temporal terms?
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describes order of events, duration of events and concurrence of events.
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What are opposites?
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opposite pairs
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what are locational prepositions?
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describe spatial relations
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What are kindship terms?
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terms that describe kin
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What six factors influence the order if which children acquire grammatical and derivational morphemes
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frequent occurrence in utterance - final position, syllabicity, single relation between morpheme and meaning, consistency in use, allomorphic variation, clear semantic function
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What is frequent occurrence in utterance final position?
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children are most sensitive to sounds at ends of utterances
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what is syllabicitiy?
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children first learn morphemes that constitute their own syllables and later learn morphemes that contain only a single sound
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What is a single relation between morpheme and meaning?
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children first learn morphemes with only 1 meaning then learn morphemes that express multiple meanings
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What is consistency in use?
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children learn the names of morphemes that are used constantly more easily than morphemes that vary in their use
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What is allomorphic variation?
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children learn morphemes that have a consistent pronunciation before they learn morphemes that have allomorphic variation
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What is clear semantic function?
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Children learn morphemes that have a clear meaning first before they learn ones that have a less clear meaning
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What is the most significant area of morpheme development in the preschool period?
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verb morphology
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preschoolers move to a more complicated form of sentence structure. T or F
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True
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what is the alphabetic principle?
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relationship between letters or combos of letters and sounds.
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What are the more complex functions preschoolers start to use discourse for?
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interpretive, logical, participatory, and organizing.
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What are interpretive functions?
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make clear the whole of a person's experience
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What are logical functions?
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express logical relations between ideas
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What are participatory functions?
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express wishes, feelings attitudes and judgments
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What are organizing functions?
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manage discourse
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What is a narrative?
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child's spoken or written description of a real of fictional even from the past, present or future.
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What must a narrative contain?
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2 sequential independent clauses.
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What are 2 important types of narratives?
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personal and fictional
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What is a personal narrative?
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individual shares factual event
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what is a fictional narrative?
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individual shares a fictional event
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both personal and fictional narratives thread events together in what 2 ways?
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causal or temporal
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What is a causal sequence?
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unfolds following a cause and effect chain of events or provides reason or rationale for some series of events.
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What is a temporal sequence?
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unfolds with time
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in intraindividual differences, preschoolers will exhibit what?
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language profiles
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What is a language profile?
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simultaneous pattern of language in multiple domains
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What does a language profile cover and not cover?
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covers on language domains and not competencies.
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What are literacy profiles?
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simultaneous patterns of literacy, including competencies.
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What are the effects of SES on interindividual differences?
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some will not be able to afford programs for their children and therefore they will be at a disadvantage
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will children from lower SES families benefit from being in the same classroom as children from higher SES families? Yes or No
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Yes
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There are no more gender differences in preschool. T or F
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False
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What are some measures of semantics?
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Total number of words, number of different words and type-token ratio.
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What is well-formedness judgment?
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child must decide whether a sentence is syntactically acceptable
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What is judgment about interpretation?
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child must interpret one or more parts of a sentence
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What is preschool language scale -4th edition? (PLS-4)
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a norm-referenced measure of vocab, grammar, morphology and language reasoning that contains 2 scales.
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What are the 2 scales of the PLS-4?
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The Auditory comprehension scale and the expressive communication scale
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What does the auditory comprehension scale of the PLS-4 measure?
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language comprehension ability, including receptive vocab, comprehesion of concepts and grammatical markers and the ability to make comparisons and inferences
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What does the expressive communication scale of the PLS-4 measure?
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language production abilities, including using expressive vocab, using grammtical markers, segmenting words, completeing analogies and telling story in sequence
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What is the test of language development - primary - 3rd ed.? (TOLD-P:3)
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9 subset test that measure different oral language components.
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What are the 9 subsets of the TOLD-P:3?
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picture vocab, relational vocab, oral vocab, grammatic understanding, sentence imitation, grammatic completion word articulation, phonemic analysis, word discrimination
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What do picture vocab, relational vocab, oral vocab do?
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assess comprehension and meaningful use of spoken word
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What do grammatic understanding, sentence imitation, grammatic completion do?
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assess differing aspects of children's grammar
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What do word articulation, phonemic analysis, word discrimination do?
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measure children's ability to pronounce words correctly and to distinguish between words that sound similar
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What does the Peabody picture Vocab Test - 3rd edition do? (PPVT-III)
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norm referenced measure of receptive vocab
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The PPVT-III is a test that is generally used with other tests. T or F
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True
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How does the PPVT-III work?
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there are 4 pictures and examiner asks child to point to one of the pictures.
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What does the clinical evailuation of language funamentals-Preschool, 2nd ed. do? (CLEF-preschool-2)
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is a norm referenced test of language abilities for children from 3-6
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What are the 8 subsets of the CLEF-preschool-2?
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sentence structure, word structure, expressive Vocab, concepts and following directions, recalling sentences, basic concepts, word classes-receptive, word classes-total
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What do the sentence structure, word structure, expressive Vocab of the CLEF-preschool-2 do?
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form a core language score that clinicians can use to obtain a snapshot of children's key language abilities
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What is the phonological awareness lireracy screenin-PreK? (PALS-PreK)
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screening instrument that early childhood educators can use to identify children's strength and weaknesses in early literacy to plan instruction for the school year.
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What are the 6 subsets of the PALS-PreK?
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Name writing, alphabet recognition and letter sounds, beginning sound awareness, print and word awareness, rhyme awareness and knowledge of nursery rhymes
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What do the subsets of the PALS-PreK do?
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measure children's knowledge of phonological awareness and print knowledge
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What is the Test of Early Reading Ability -3rd ed do? (TERA-3)
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a norm referenced test that measures a child's mastery of early developing reading skills
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What are the 3 subsets of the TERA-3?
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alphabet knowledge, conventions, meaning
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What does alphabet knowledge measure in the TERA-3?
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the alphabet and its uses
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What does the conventions measure in the TERA-3
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knowledge of print conventions
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What does the meaning measure in TERA-3?
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ability to construct meaning from print
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What do the 3 subsets of the TERA-3 do?
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combine to form an overall reading quotient
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As preschoolers add to the quantity of language, a noticeable shift can be seen in the _______ of words they understand....
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quality
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What do children weigh more heavily than the perceptual appearance?
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the function
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What are 2 phonological processes that may persist past the 5th birthday?
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liquid gliding, stopping
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until around what age does it take for a child to construct a true narrative?
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4
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What is a true narrative?
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A narrative with problem and resolution
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For interindividual differences, what 4 literacy-ability clusters are children classified into?
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low average (LA), high average (HA), high narrative (HN), low overall (LO)
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What 5 domains are tests to classify children into literacy-ability clusters?
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semantic, syntax, phonemic awareness, metasemantics and narrative discourse.
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