Chapter 7-Cells

Front 1

compound light microscope

Back 1

use a series of lenses to magnify objects in steps

Front 2

cells

Back 2

the basic units of living organisms

Front 3

cell theory

Back 3

1. all organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. the cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms
3. all cells come from preexisting cells

Front 4

electron microscope

Back 4

uses a beam of electrons instead of natural light to magnify structures up to 500,000 times their actual size

Front 5

prokaryotes

Back 5

unicellular organism such as bacteria do not have membrane-bound structures; DO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS

Front 6

eukaryotes

Back 6

multicellular plants and animals we know containing membrane bounds structures; directs all activities that occur in the cell and contains DNA

Front 7

organelles

Back 7

the membrane bound structures within eukaryotic cells

Front 8

plasma membrane

Back 8

the boundary between the cell and its environment; allows steady flow of nutrients to come into the cell no matter what the external conditions are

Front 9

homeostasis

Back 9

process of maintaining the cell's environment

Front 10

selective permeability

Back 10

process in which the plasma membrane of a cell allows some molecules into the cell while keeping other out

Front 11

phospholids

Back 11

lipids with a phosphate group attached to them

Front 12

fluids mosaic model

Back 12

structural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid layer

Front 13

transport proteins

Back 13

allow needed substances or waste materials to move through the plasma membrane

Front 14

cell wall

Back 14

fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane that provides additional support and protection; surrounds cell membrane in plants bacteria and photosynthetic organisms

Front 15

chromatin

Back 15

strands of genetic material, DNA

Front 16

nucleolus

Back 16

organelle that makes ribosomes

Front 17

ribosomes

Back 17

are the sites where the cell assembles enzymes and other proteins according to the directions of the DNA

Front 18

cytoplasm

Back 18

clear, gelatinous fluid inside a cell

Front 19

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 19

is the site of cellular chemical reactions; form tube network and provide large surface area for organisms of chemical reactions and synthesis transport chemicals between cells and within cell

Front 20

golgi apparatus

Back 20

flattened system of tubular membranes that modifies the proteins.

Front 21

vesicles

Back 21

membrane bound; sort the proteins into packages to be sent to the appropriate destination

Front 22

vacuoles

Back 22

spaces for temporary storage of materials

Front 23

lysosomes

Back 23

organelles that contain digestive enzymes

Front 24

chloroplasts

Back 24

cell organelles that capture light energy and produce food to store for a later time; composed of a double layer of modified membrane and site of photosynthesis

Front 25

plastids

Back 25

used for storage in plant cells

Front 26

chlorophyll

Back 26

traps light energy and gives leaves and stems their green color

Front 27

mitochondria

Back 27

membrane bound organelles in plant and cells that transform energy for the cell; has modified double membrane and is the site for cellular respiration

Front 28

cytoskeleton

Back 28

support structure

Front 29

microtubules

Back 29

thin, hollow cylinders made of proteins

Front 30

microfilaments

Back 30

thin, solid protein fibers

Front 31

cilia

Back 31

short, numerous, hairlike structures that move in a wavelike motion

Front 32

flagella

Back 32

longer projections that move with a whiplike motion

Front 33

4 basic organizational levels of an organism

Back 33

big 1: organ-group of organs that work together
2: organs-different types of tissues that work together to perform a task
3: tissue: group of similar cells that perform a particular task--muscle, epithelial, nerve, connective
4. cells: are the basic unit of organization in living things

Front 34

3 things the eukaryotes have in common

Back 34

1. all have a cell membrane-outer barrier
2. all have a nucleus--contains DNA material
3. all have cytoplasm--contains structures called organelles

Front 35

lipid bilayer

Back 35

-separates cell from its surroundings
-regulates what comes in and out of cell
-aids in protection and support

Front 36

proteins

Back 36

acts as channels, some act as pumps that actively move molecules from one side of the membrane to other

Front 37

carbs

Back 37

chemical identifiers that allow cell to recognize and to interact with other cells

Front 38

nucleus

Back 38

information center

Front 39

DNA

Back 39

contains instructions for making different molecules;

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

Front 40

nuclear envelope

Back 40

2 membranes that form a barrier around nucleus

Front 41

nuclear pores

Back 41

permits passage of material into and out of the cell

Front 42

nucleoplasm

Back 42

semi fluid of the nucleus

Front 43

chromosomes

Back 43

contain genetic information that's passes from one generation to the next

Front 44

free ribosomes

Back 44

suspended in cytoplasm

Front 45

bound ribosomes

Back 45

attached to the outside wall of the ER

Front 46

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 46

processes include synthesis of lipid carb metabolism and detoxification of drugs and poison

Front 47

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 47

appears rough because of ribosomes that are on the surface of the membrane which produce proteins

Front 48

phagocytosis

Back 48

process of taking in food

Front 49

vacuoles food

Back 49

involved in phagocytosis to help to the lysosomes digest the food

Front 50

contractile vacuole

Back 50

pumps excess water out of the cell

Front 51

plant cells

Back 51

have one large central vacuole that's a storage facility for organic compounds inorganic and organic

Front 52

what makes something organic?

Back 52

organic compounds have carbon

Front 53

thylakoid

Back 53

is the individual disk of the grana

Front 54

grana

Back 54

is a stack of thylakoids inside the chloroplasts

Front 55

stroma

Back 55

is the liquid inside the chloroplasts

Front 56

matrix

Back 56

is the name of the fluid in the mitochondria

Front 57

cristae

Back 57

is the name of the lining which holds in the matrix

Front 58

diffusion

Back 58

mixing together high concentration substances with low concentration substance until equilibrium is reached

Front 59

concentration gradient

Back 59

area of high concentration and low concentration

Front 60

osmosis

Back 60

diffusion of water through selectively permeable membranes-water moves ares of high concentration to low concentration

Front 61

active transport

Back 61

movement of materials through a membrane against a concentration gradient

Front 62

facilitated diffusion

Back 62

the passive transport of material across the plasma membrane with the aid of transport proteins