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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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organisms, such as plants, that make their own food
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Autotrophs or producers
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uses the sun’s energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars
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Photosynthesis
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organisms and animals that obtain energy from the foods they consume
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Heterotrophs or consumers
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chemical process that uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored in organic molecules (glucose) into ATP (energy currency
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Cellular respiration
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potential energy in food or organic molecules
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Chemical energy
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the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°Celsius
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Calorie
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one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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electron carriers pass electrons on to other carriers in a series of transfers
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Electron transport chain
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name that refers to all of a cells chemical processes
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Metabolism
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protein structures in mitochondria that act like miniature turbines and convert ADP into ATP
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ATP synthases
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used by cells to release energy in the absence of oxygen
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Fermentation
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What are the three parts of an ATP molecule?
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adenine, ribose, and a triphosphate tail
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Describe the ATP cycle
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ATP is continuously converted to ADP as your cells do work. ADP is recycled back into ATP by adding a third phosphate group
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What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration in words?
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oxygen + glucose yields carbon dioxide + water
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What are the three steps to cellular respiration?
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glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport / ATP synthase
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energy of motion
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Kinetic energy
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energy that is stored due to an object's position or arangement
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Potential energy
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type of kinetic energy in which there is random molecular motion
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Thermal energy
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During cellular respiration, what three molecules are produced?
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ATP, carbon dioxide, and water
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Explain the role of food (glucose) in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
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Glucose is a product of photosynthesis and a reactant in cellular respiration
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What is released when ATP is involved in a chemical reaction that breaks a phosphate bond?
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energy (potential)
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ATP provides the energy for what three main types of cellular work?
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chemical work, mechanical work, and transport work
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What is the source of energy for regenerating ATP from ADP?
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Chemical energy from organic molecules in food.
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Why does the process of cellular respiration release energy?
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An atom’s positively charged nucleus exerts an electrical “pull” on the negatively charged electrons.
When an electron “falls” toward the nucleus, potential energy is released. |
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How does an electron transport chain result in the gradual release of energy stored in glucose?
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As high-energy electrons from glucose are transferred from one electron carrier to another, a small amount of energy is released at each step.
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With oxygen
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Aerobic
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Without oxygen
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Anaerobic
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Where does glycolysis occur and how much energy is produced in the process?
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Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. A net gain of two ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis.
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During exercise, what causes muscle soreness and fatigue?
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The build up of lactic acid, which is the product of fermentation in the cells.
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Describe at least one example of how fermentation in microorganisms produces human foods.
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Microbes transform milk into cheese or yogurt; soybeans into soy sauce; cabbage into sauerkraut
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