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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is it called when bones grow wider
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appositional growth
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how does appositional bone work
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osteoblasts in the inner periosteum deposit osteoid tissue, calcify it and become osteocytes
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as bone increases in diamter, why does the marrow cavity widen
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osteoclasts of the ndosteum
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what is wolffs law of bone
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the architecture of bone is determined by the mechanical stress place on it
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give an example of wolff's law
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tennis players racket arm is bigger than the other
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what causes bone remodeling
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osteoblasts and clasts
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what happens to bones that are used little
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osteoclasts remove matrix and get rid of uneccessary mass
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what happens in bones that are used a lot
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osteoblasts deposit new tissue and thicken bone
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what is osteitis deformans also called
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paget disease
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what is paget disease
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enlarged and deformed bones;
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pagets disease is a disorder of
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a disorder of the normal bone forming process
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scientific name for paget disease
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osteitis deformans
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what is osteogenesis imperfecta
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brittle bone disease
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what causes osteogenesis imperfecta
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genetics
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symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta
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bones fracture easily, slight curvature of the spine, poor muscle tone
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cause of osteogenesis imperfecta other than genetics
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defective connective tissue
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what is mineral deposition
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calcium and phosphate as well as other ions are taken from blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue
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hydroxyapaptite
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crystals calcium and phosphat eand other items that have been deposited in bone tissue
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what is it called when osseous tissue forms in other organs
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abnormal calcification
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what is abnormal calcification called
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ectopic calcification
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arteriosclerosis
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ectopic calcification of the arterial walls
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what is a calculus
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calcified mass in a soft organ
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what is mineral resorption
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process of dissolving bone and releasing into the blood
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what carries out mineral resorption
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osteoclasts
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hypocalcemia
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calcium deficiency
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hypercalcium
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too much calcium
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the exchange inbetween bone and blood calcium must be kepts at what
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homeostasis
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what can hypocalcemia cause
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excitability of the nervous system, and muscle tremors, spasms or tetany
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what is tetany
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when the muscle keeps on contracting
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how does tetany occur
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plasma calcium level drops
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what is carpo pedal spasms
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tetany of the hands and feet
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what is laryngospasm
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tetany of the larynx muscles
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what do lower calcium levels cause, chemistry answer, as far as why they cause tetany
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lower calcium levels change the gradient of the cell membranes of excitable cells, allowing sodium to enter mor freely and trigger excitation
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what does hypercalcemia cause
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nerve and muscle cells to become less excitable
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symptoms of hypercalcemia
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emotional, muscle weakness, sluggishness, cardiac arrest
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what causes hypocalcemia
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vit. d deficiency, diarrhea, thryroid tumors, underactive parathyroid gland
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what three hormones regulate calcium
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calcitriol, calcitonin, and the parathyroid hormone
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what produces calcitriol
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skin liver and kidneys
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what is calcitriol
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a form of vitamen d
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what is the function of calcitriol
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raise blood calcium
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what secretes calcitonin
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c cells of the thyroid gland
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when is calcitonin secreted
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when blood calcium is too high
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what does calcitonin do
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reduces osteoclast production
increases osteoblast activity |
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what secretes pth
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parathyroid hormone
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when is pth secreted
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when blood calcium is low
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PTH inhibits what and stimulates what
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inhibits osteoblast, stimulates osteoclasts
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what does PTH do in the kidneys
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promotes reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys
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what does PTH promote synthesis of in the kidneys
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calcitriol
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How is calcitriol raising and lowering phosphate levels
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raises level by promoting absorption from the small intestine, lowers phosphate level by promoting its excretion
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what is a stress fracture
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a break caused by abnormal trauma (falling or athletic)
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what is a pathalogical fracture
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a break in weakened bone due to disease (osteoporosis)
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diaphysis
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shaft
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epiphysis
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ends
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periosteum
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outer lining of the bone
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where do ligaments and bones attach
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through periosteum
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thin inner lining of bones
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endosteum
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what is periosteum made of
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fibrous connective tissue
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what is articular cartilage made of
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hyaline cartilage
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where is articular cartilage
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where bone rub with other bones or articulate
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what is the epiphyseal plate made of
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hyaline cartilage
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where are osteogenic cells located
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endosteum, inner surface of the periosteum, and in haversian canals
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which bone cells are cabable of mitosis
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osteogenic cells
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which bone cells are not capable of mitosis
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blasts and cytes
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how are osteoclasts produced
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fusion of monocytes
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what lines haversian canals
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endosteum
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2 types of bone formation
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endochondrial, and intramembranous
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where does intramembranous bone originate
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between sheetlike connective tissue
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where does endochondrial bone originate
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as masses of hyaline cartilage that gets mineralized
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where does ossification begin
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the epiphysis
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where are the secondary ossification center
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epiphysis
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where is the primary ossification center
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diaphysis
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what is a hematoma
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blood outside the blood vessel
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what is the first step in fracture repair
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a hematoma forms-
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describe hematoma formation
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the blood vessels are severed by a fracture, blood forms a clot called a fracture hematoma
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what is the 2nd step in forming hematoma
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fibroblasts, macrophages, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells invade, converting the clot to a granulation tissue
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what is the 2nd step in bone repair
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formation of a soft callus
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describe what a soft callus formation is
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fibroblasts produce collagen, phagocytes clear the area, osteogenic cells turn into chondrocytes and produce the soft cartilage called callus
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what is the 3rd step in bone repair
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hard callus formation
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describe hard callus formation
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other osteogenic cells become osteoblasts, which produce the hard callus around fracture and turn into spongy bone.
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what is the last step in bone repair
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remodeling-just like in intramembranous ossification the spongy bone turns into compact bone thanks to osteoblasts and the excess bone removal from the osteoclasts
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where is calciton secreted from
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thyroid gland
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what does calcitonin do
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inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts
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when is calcitonin secreted
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when blood calcium is high
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so does calcitonin increase or decrease blood calcium level
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decreases
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What secretes pth
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parathyroid glands
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where are the pth glands
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little nubbins on the thryoid gland posteroir.
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when is pth secreted
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when blood calcium is low
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what does pth do
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inhibits osteoblasts and stimulates osteoclasts
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what does pth do as far as kidneys
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reduces the output of calcium
less calcium in pee |
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what does pth do in regards to small intestines
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absorbs more calcium in the small intestines
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