Chapter 7 Adaptive Immunity

Front 1

What two kinds of cells do B cells become?

Back 1

Plasma
Memory B cells

Front 2

What is clonal diversity?

Back 2

Daughters have same specificity as parent cell. Same antigen recognition.

Front 3

Do B or T cells do clonal diveristy?

Back 3

Both

Front 4

What is clonal selection?

Back 4

Activated T and B cells that produce many clones of themselves. Most immature lymphocytes will never be activated because they wont encounter a matching foreign antigen.

Front 5

What is the main constituent of humoral immunity?

Back 5

antibodies

Front 6

What are the two types of immunity?

Back 6

Humoral
Cell-mediated immunity

(they are not independent of eachother)

Front 7

What type of immunity is referred as as fluid immunity? (Humoral/Cell-Mediated Immunity)

Back 7

Humoral immunity

Front 8

T-cell differentiation would be include in which type of immunity? (Humoral/Cell-Mediated Immunity)

Back 8

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Front 9

What is active immunity?

Back 9

Antibodies or T-cells produced after either a natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization

Front 10

What is Passive Immunity?

Back 10

Preformed antibodies of T lymphocytes are transferred from a donor to a recipient.

Front 11

What are clusters of differentiation (CD)?

Back 11

A labeling system used to identify a family of proteins on many cells. **They are cell surface molecules on lymphocytes***

(Used to recognize if an antigen is foreign)

Front 12

What is an immunogen?

Back 12

a substance that has the ability to induce a humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response. (Usually very big)

(may just activate something like the cytokin cascase)

Front 13

What is an antigen?

Back 13

a substance that has the ability to combine specifically with the final products of the immune response, which are antibodies.

Front 14

A larger size molecule would likely be (immunogenic/antigenic)

Back 14

immunogenic

(with the exception of Haptens, which are molecules that enhance immune response)

Front 15

What is a hapten?

Back 15

Small molecules that can elicit an immune response like an immunogen.

Example is poison ivy.

Front 16

What cells have MHC class II receptors found on?

Back 16

macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells, all of which are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
(They also have MHC I receptors, as do all nucleated cells)
(MHC class II cells interact with CD4 of helper T-cells.)

Front 17

What cells are APC's?

Back 17

macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells.

Front 18

What is the function of MHC class I molecules?

Back 18

Display fragments of proteins from within the cell to T cells; healthy cells will be ignored while cells containing foreign proteins will be attacked by the immune system.

Front 19

CD1 molecules are found on what kinds of cells?

Back 19

Antigen-presenting cells
Thymus cells

Front 20

What type of antigen-presenting molecules present lipid antigens?

Back 20

CD1

(found on antigen-presenting cells and thymus cells)

Front 21

Antigen receptors on B cells are called?

Antigen receptors on T cells are called?

Back 21

BCR


TCR

Front 22

What is another common name for antibodies?

Back 22

immunoglobulins

(produced by plasma cells)

Front 23

Immunoglobulins are produced by what type of cells?

Back 23

plasma cells

Front 24

What is the most common class of circulating antibody?

Back 24

IgG

Front 25

Are T cells receptors an antibody?

Back 25

NO!!!

Front 26

What antibody(s) has a characteristic J chain?

Back 26

IgA & IgM

Front 27

What antibody(s) has a characteristic pentamer shape?

Back 27

IgM

Front 28

What immunoglobulin transports across the placenta?

Back 28

IgG

(also is the most abundant antibody)
(Has 4 subclasses)

Front 29

Which IgA immunnoglobulin is predominately found in the blood?

Back 29

IgA1

Front 30

Which IgA immunnoglobulin is predominately found in body secretions?

Back 30

IgA2 (examples of secretions include tears, saliva, breast milk)

Front 31

Which antibody is first produce during the primary response to an antigen?

Back 31

IgM

Front 32

Which anitbody is synthesized during fetal life/

Back 32

IgM

Front 33

Which immunoglobin(s) is one class used as b-cell receptors (BCRs)

Back 33

IgM, IgD

Front 34

Which antibody causes blood type rejection reactions?

Back 34

IgM

Front 35

Which antibody is the least abundant?

Back 35

IgD

Front 36

Which antibody is located primarily on the surface of developing B lymphocytes?

Back 36

IgD

Front 37

Which immunoglobin is the least in circulating blood because it is mostly bound to mast cells?

Back 37

IgE

Front 38

Which immunoglobin is mainly a defender against parasites?

Back 38

IgE

Front 39

What are the 3 structures on an Antibody?

Back 39

Fab- antigenic receptors
FC- responsible for trigging phagocytosis, stimulating immune cells
Polypeptide chains

Front 40

Which cell receptor uses accessory proteins like CD3 for intracellular signaling? (B cell receptors or T cell receptors)

Back 40

T Cell receptors

Front 41

When T and B cells are actually activated, this is clonal section or clonal diversity?

Back 41

clonal selection

Front 42

The production of specific antibody receptors in the lymphoid organs is an example of (clonal diveristy or clonal selection)?

Back 42

clonal diversity

Front 43

Clonal diversity or clonal selection occurs primarily in the fetus?

Back 43

Clonal diversity

Front 44

Clonal diversity or clonal selection occurs primarily after birth?

Back 44

Clonal selection

Front 45

Clonal diversity or clonal selection is initiated by antigens.

Back 45

Clonal selection

Front 46

APC's would have which type of MCH receptor?

Back 46

MHC II because it is an immune cell.

Front 47

Which MHC receptor is a gene that regulates the quantity and quality of the immune response?

Back 47

MHC III

its a gene!! Not a receptor!

Front 48

What do helper T Lymphocytes do?

Back 48

Help the antigen-driven maturation of B and T cells.

Front 49

Which lymphocyte helpes facilitate and magnify the interaction between APC and the immunocompetent lymphocytes?

Back 49

Helper T Lymphocytes

Front 50

How do TH1 cells provide help in immunity?

Back 50

provide help in developing cell-mediated immunity

(T cell differentiation)

Front 51

How do TH2 cells provide help in immunity?

Back 51

provide help in developing humoral immunity

(regulate B cells)

Front 52

What is the distinguishing difference between TH1 & TH2

Back 52

differences based on cytokine production

Front 53

What does a differentiated B cell become?

Back 53

Plasma cell

Front 54

A plasma cell is a factory for __________ production

Back 54

antibody production

Front 55

What class of anitbody are used for b cell receptors?

Back 55

IgM

Front 56

On primary response, what are the two antibodies present?

Back 56

IgM and IgG

IgM is slightly higher than IgG

(on second response IgG is way higher)

Front 57

Why is there a latent period during primary response?

Back 57

B Cell differentiation is occuring.

Front 58

How many days after exposure does IgM typically appear? What antibody follows it?

Back 58

5-7 days

IgG

Front 59

A more rapid response is characteristic of the (primary or secondary response?

Back 59

secondary

Front 60

Higher IgM than IgG is characteristic of the (primary or secondary response?

Back 60

primary

Front 61

Why is the second response faster than the primary response?

Back 61

the presence of memory cells that do not have to differentiate

Front 62

Larger amounts of antibodies is characteristic of the (primary or secondary response?

Back 62

Secondary

Front 63

Smaller amounts of antibodies characteristic of the (primary or secondary response?

Back 63

primary

Front 64

Immunocompetent B cells use which antibodies as receptors?

Back 64

IgM and IgD

Front 65

What do B cells do during clonal selection?

Back 65

Class Switch
They have the option of changing the class of the antibody receptor

Front 66

What type of Tcells would likely activate Class switching?

Back 66

TH2 cells, would activate class swithing of B cells.

Front 67

Which type of lymphocyte is receptor mediated during its activation?

Back 67

T cell activation

Front 68

What does binding of specific t cell receptors allow for?

Back 68

Direct killing of foreign material

assistance or activation of other cells

Front 69

What do T reg cells do?

Back 69

regulate the immune response to avoid attacking "self"

Front 70

Regulatory t cells is an example of which type of tolerance?

Back 70

peripherial tolerance

Front 71

True or false, T cells are activated by antigens floating around?

Back 71

False

T cells must have the antigen presented by a MHC I or II.

Front 72

True or False, B cells can be activated by floating antigens?

Back 72

True, no MHC is required for B cells.

Front 73

Which marker is associated with cytoxic T cells?

Back 73

CD8

Front 74

Which complement pathway is activated by antibodies bound to antigens?

Back 74

Classic

Front 75

What do super antigens cause?

Back 75

Widespread inflammation, decrease BP, fever and possibly shock.

Front 76

Will BP increase or decrease due to the effects of superantigens (SAGs)

Back 76

decrease, all the blood is goin to peripheries.

Front 77

What is the main reason that a person experiences fever and inflammation from SAGs?

Back 77

They cause excessive production of cytokines

(Can activate lots of T cells because they are not specific)

Front 78

How are SAG not receptor specific?

Back 78

They have proteins that can bind outside the receptor, which activates a large population of T lymphocytes.

Front 79

Toxic shock syndom is likely a result of what kind of exposure?

Back 79

Superantigens (SAGs)

Front 80

True or false, Super antigens activate many t cells regardless of their antigen specificity

Back 80

True

Front 81

What does the Fas receptor trigger?

Back 81

Apoptosis

Front 82

There are 2 ways Antibodies function, what are they? (hing available)

Back 82

Direct (3 ways, neutralization, agglutination, precipitation)
Indirect (opsonization)

Hint 82

NAP!

Front 83

What are the 3 "direct" ways antibodies function?

Back 83

Neuralization - bind to antigen and neutralize without need of WBC
Aggluntination - localize through clumping
Precipitation- take out of solution

Front 84

Opsonization is an example of indirect or direct Antibody function?

Back 84

indirect, requires WBC

Front 85

What is antibody titer?

Back 85

is a measurement of how much antibody an organism has produced that recognizes an antigen

Front 86

What immunoglobulin is the major antibody in the secretory immune system?

Back 86

IgA

Also there is IgG and IgM (not as prevalent)

Front 87

IgE are attached to what kind cell?

Back 87

Mast cell, IgE also attracts eosinophils

Front 88

What type of immune cell destroy cancer cells?

Back 88

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

also destroy cancer cells

Front 89

What type of immune cells destroy cells infected with virus

Back 89

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

also destroy cancer cells

Front 90

What do perforins do?

Back 90

put holes in the membrane

Front 91

what do granzymes do?

Back 91

Attack the membrane

used by cytotoxic t cells

Front 92

what do direct receptor interactions do?

Back 92

through activation of fas receptor, cell triggers apoptosis.

cytotoxic t cells use this

Front 93

What type of MHC receptor do cytoxic T cells require?

Back 93

MHC1

Front 94

If a cell down regulates the MHC I receptor, which cell will not recongize this abnormality?

Back 94

Cytotoxic T cell because it recognizes MHC1

Front 95

Which types of cells work better on cells without MHC1 receptors?

Back 95

NK cells, because Cytotoxic T cells can not recognize them without the receptor

Front 96

Which immunoglobulin transports across the placenta?

Back 96

IgG

Front 97

In a baby, most antibodies are deficent, which antibody is high?

Back 97

IgG

Front 98

What types of things decrease in immunity as a result of age? (3 things)

Back 98

-Decrease in circulating memory B cells
-Decreased T cell activity (because smaller thymus)
-Decrease production of specific antibodies

Front 99

What types of things increase in immunity as a result of age? (2 things)

Back 99

-Increase in circulating antigen-antibody complexes
- Increase in circulating autoantibodies