Chapter 7 & 8 Geography

Front 1

Climate

Back 1

The long term pattern of weather in a particular area. Weather can change from hour to hour, day today, month to month or even year to year. A region's weather patterns, usually tracked for at least 30 years, are considered its climate.

Front 2

Albedo

Back 2

A measure of how much light that hits a surface is reflected without being absorbed. Something that appears white reflects most of the light that hits it and has a high albedo, while something that looks dark absorbs most of the light that hits it, indicating a low albedo.

Front 3

Greenhouse effect

Back 3

A natural process that warms the Earth's surface. When the Sun's energy reaches the Earth's atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and re radiated by greenhouse gases.

Front 4

Global warming

Back 4

Describes the current rise in the average temperature of Earth air and oceans. Global warming is often described as the most recent example of climate change.

Front 5

IPCC

Back 5

The intergovernmental panel on climate change Is the leading International body for the assessment of climate change. Reviews and assesses the most recent scientific comic technical and socio economic information produced worldwide relevant to the understanding of climate change.

Front 6

Weather vs climate

Back 6

Climate is the consistent trends and variability in weather over the long term. Whether on the other hand, is the short term condition of the atmosphere at any given place and time.

Front 7

What type of atmospheric lifting is responsible for precipitation patterns

Back 7

All 4 types of atmospheric lifting are responsible

Front 8

Describe tropical climate region

Back 8

High installation, equatorial low pressure, warm surface currents. Types of lifting include convergent, convectional, and orographic.

Front 9

Describe dry climate region

Back 9

High installation, subtropical high air pressure. Cold surface current. Types of lifting include rain shadows from orographic lifting

Front 10

Describe polar/Highland region

Back 10

Low installation, high albedo, polar high air pressure. Cold surface current, atmospheric lifting types include orographic lifting.

Front 11

Climate change trends

Back 11

In the past, long term natural shifts between glacial and interglacial. In the present, rapid shifts inconsistent with natural cycles show climate change.

Front 12

Climate change indicators

Back 12

Increasing temperatures over land and ocean surfaces, increasing sea surface temperatures and the ocean heat content, melting glacial ice and sea ice, rising sea levels, and increasing atmospheric water vapour.

Front 13

Ice melt: sea ice

Back 13

11 to 13% loss of ice decreases ocean albedo and salinity

Front 14

Ice melt: Glacial

Back 14

short term flooding and long term river drought, decrease albedo and ocean salinity and sea level rise

Front 15

Ice melt, permafrost

Back 15

decreased albedo and tundra absorbs more insulation, increase in carbon dioxide and methane.

Front 16

Sea level rise

Back 16

Melting glaciers and rising temperatures increase volume, increasing storm surge and sailing intrusion into aquifers.

Front 17

Atmospheric water vapor

Back 17

Floods, droughts inconsistent with seasonal expectations, higher temperatures, sea levels, and evaporation rates, stronger and more frequent hurricanes, higher storm surge.

Front 18

What natural fluctuations account for pre anthropogenic climate shifts on our planet?

Back 18

Continental landmasses, orbital cycles, milankovitch cycles, solar variability, maunder minimum, atmospheric gases, and El nino.

Front 19

Continental land masses

Back 19

Play tectonic movement over millions of years. Continental position alters ocean current, albedo, and atmospheric lifting

Front 20

Orbital cycles

Back 20

A 100,000 year shift in elliptical orbit, 41,000 and 26,000 year axial tilt and wobble.

Front 21

Milankovitch cycles

Back 21

Changes in albedo, ocean circulation, and greenhouse gases.

Front 22

Atmospheric gases

Back 22

Outgassing (h20) and volcanos (co2). 2 billion years H20 quantity equilibrium, 290 million years modern atmospheric composition. Aerosols increase albedo for months to years.

Front 23

What are the 4 major greenhouse gases?

Back 23

Carbondioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and halogenated gases

Front 24

Carbon dioxide anthropogenic sources

Back 24

Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement

Front 25

Methane anthropogenic sources

Back 25

Livestock, mining, and burning vegetation

Front 26

Nitrous oxide anthropogenic sources

Back 26

Burning fossil fuels, fertilisers, and wastewater treatment

Front 27

Hallogenetic gases

Back 27

Refrigerants and isolation foams

Front 28

IPPC

Back 28

The International plant protection convention is a 1951 multilateral treaty overseen by the United Nations food and agriculture organisation that aims to secure coordinated, Effective action to prevent and to control the introduction and spread of pests of plants and plant products

Front 29

Kyoto protocol

Back 29

Is an International treaty which H stands the 1992 United Nations framework convention on climate change that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that global warming is occurring and that human made co2 emissions are driving it

Front 30

Paris agreement

Back 30

The Paris agreement's central aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century while below 2ﾟC above preindustrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5ﾟC

Front 31

Carbon disclosure project

Back 31

An International nonprofit organisation based in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States of America that helps companies and cities disclose their environmental impact