Chapter 7

Front 1

Cellular Respiration

Back 1

Front 2

aerobic respiration

Back 2

Front 3

Adenosine triphosphate

Back 3

A primary aim of cellular respiration is to make...

Front 4

Glycolysis

Back 4

During this process, glucose is broken down to two pyruvate molecules (with 3 carbons each), producing a net energy yield of two ATP molecules and two NDAH molecules.

Front 5

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Back 5

Front 6

1. glycolysis

2. The breakdown of pyruvate (shuttle step)

3. The citric acid cycle

4. Oxidative phosphorylation

Back 6

What are the four metabolic pathways involved in the oxidation of glucose?

Front 7

Breakdown of pyruvate- shuttle step

Back 7

Second step of the oxidation process of glucose where the two pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria matrix, where each one is broken down via oxidation, one NADH molecule is made by the reduction of NAD+. Pyruvate is converted to AcCoA (Acetyl Coenzyme A).

Front 8

Citric acid cycle- krebs cycle

Back 8

Third step in the oxidation of glucose process where each acetyl group is incorporated into an organic molecule, which is later oxidized to liberate two CO2 molecules. Here is where one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2 are made in this process.

One ATP is formed via substrate level phosphorylation.

Front 9

Oxidative phosphorylation

Back 9

The fourth step in the oxidation process of glucose where the nadh and fadh2 made in the three previous stages contain high energy electrons that can be readily transferred to a redox reaction to other molecules. Once removed from nadh or fadh2, these high-energy electrons release some energy, and through an electron transport chain, that energy is harnessed to produce an H+ electrochemical gradient that produces 3 ATP for each nadh and 2 ATP for each FADH2.

Front 10

Chemiosmosis

Back 10

Is also the synthesis of ATP that occurs as a result of pushing H+ across a membrane

Front 11

30-34 ATP max of 36-38

Back 11

How many ATP molecules are made via oxidative phosphorylation?

Front 12

Cristae

Back 12

Also where oxidation phosphorylation happens. Increases surface area of the inner membrane and thereby increasing the amount of ATP that can be made.

Front 13

Biochemistry

Back 13

The study of the chemistry of living organisms.

Front 14

First phase of glycolysis

Back 14

Two ATP molecules are hydrolyzed, and the phosphates from those ATP molecules are attached to glucose, which is converted to fructose - 1, 6-bisphophate. The energy investment phase raises the free energy of glucose, thereby allowing later reactions to be exergonic.

Front 15

Cleavage phase of glycolysis (2nd phase)

Back 15

This phase of glycolysis breaks this 6 carbon molecule into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

Front 16

Energy liberation phase (3rd phase)

Back 16

This phase of glycolysis produces 4 ATP, 2 nadh, and two molecules of pyruvate. Because two molecules of ATP are used in this face, the net yield is two molecules of ATP.

Front 17

The net reaction of glycolysis

Back 17

Front 18

Cancer cells

Back 18

Certain _________ cells preferentially use glycolysis for ATP production, and contrast two healthy cells, which mainly generate ATP from oxidative phosphorylation.

Front 19

Mitochondria

Back 19

In eukaryotes, glycolysis produces pyruvate in the cytosol, which is then transported into the _______.

Front 20

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Back 20

Once in the mitochondrial Matrix, pyruvate molecules are broken down (oxidized) by an enzyme complex called __________.

Front 21

Coenzyme A (CoA)

Back 21

Once a molecule of CO2 is removed from pyruvate, the remaining acetyl group is attached to an organic molecule called __________.

Front 22

The net reaction of pyruvate

Back 22

Front 23

Sulfur

Back 23

The acetyl group is attached to CoA via a covalent bond to a _______ atom. The hydrolysis of this Bond releases a large amount of free energy, making it possible for the acetyl group to be transferred to other organic molecules.

Front 24

The citric cycle

Back 24

Front 25

Oxidative phosphorylation

Back 25

Front 26

Electron transport chain (ETC)

Back 26

Front 27

Oxygen

Back 27

At the end of the chain is _______, which is the most electronegative component and the final electron acceptor.

Front 28

Respiratory change

Back 28

The ETC, or electron transport chain, is also called this, because the oxygen we breathe is used in this process.

Front 29

H+ electrochemical gradient

Back 29

A transmembrane gradient for H+ composed of both a membrane potential and a concentration difference for H+ across a membrane.

This is established during the active transport of H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. An excess a positive charge exists outside of the Matrix because of this.

Front 30

ATP synthase

Back 30

An enzyme that utilizes the energy stored in a H+ electrochemical gradient For the synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis.

Front 31

-25 kcal/mol

Back 31

The total energy released by single electron is approximately this.

Front 32

ATP synthase

Back 32

Is a rotary machine that makes ATP as it spins

Front 33

A, b, and c

Back 33

The region embedded in the membrane for ATP synthase is composed of three types of subunits called ____, _____, ______ ________.

Front 34

10-14

Back 34

Approximately this many C subunits form a ring in the membrane of ATP synthase

Front 35

1 a

2 b

Back 35

This many a subunits are bound to this ring in the membrane of ATP synthase, and this many B subunits are attached to the A subunit and protrude from the membrane.

Front 36

Anaerobic

Back 36

Refers to a process that occurs in the absence of oxygen; a form of metabolism that does not require oxygen

Front 37

Anaerobic respiration

Back 37

The breakdown of organic molecules in the absence of oxygen

Front 38

Fermentation

Back 38

The breakdown of organic molecules to produce energy without any net oxidation of an organic molecule.

Front 39

Anaerobic respiration and fermentation

Back 39

Two different strategies that may be used by cells to metabolize organic molecules in the absence of oxygen

Front 40

O2

Back 40

Many organisms, including animals and yeast, use only this as the final electron acceptor of their ETCs.

Front 41

Lactate, or lactic acid

Back 41

When a muscle is working strenuously and becomes anaerobic, as in high intensity exercise, the pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced to make this.

Front 42

Fermentation

Back 42

The pathways of breaking down glucose to lactate or ethanol are examples of this.

Front 43

Autotrophs- producers

Back 43

Photosynthetic and other organisms that can capture energy from inorganic sources and converted to organic chemical energy

Front 44

Heterotrophs- consumers

Back 44

Cannot directly capture energy from inorganic sources, rely on consuming organic

Front 45

Chemothrophs

Back 45

Obtain energy from chemicals. Can be organic chemicals or inorganic chemicals

Front 46

Phototrophs

Back 46

Obtain energy from light. Use that energy to build organic molecules

Front 47

1. Substrate level phosphorylation

2. Oxidative phosphorilation

Back 47

Two ways ATP is made

Front 48

Cytosol

Back 48

Where glycolysis occurs

Front 49

Primary metabolism

Back 49

Any process involving building or breaking down the 4 main organic molecules: carbohydrate, protein, fat, nucleic acid

Front 50

Secondary metabolism

Back 50

Building or breaking down molecules NOT in the 4 main organic groups, but they can use one of the four as precursors.

Front 51

Molecules for communication and defense

Back 51

2 main categories for secondary metabolites.