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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kidney
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One of 2 bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the spine in the lumbar region. |
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Cortex
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Outer region of the kidney
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Medula |
Inner region of the kidney |
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Ureter |
1 of 2 muscular tubes lined with mucus that carry urine in peristaltic waves from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
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Hilum
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A depression on the medial border of the kidney. |
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Urinary bladder
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A hollow muscular sac/temporary reservoir for urine. |
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Trigone
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A triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra ends.
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Urethra
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A tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. |
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Urination |
The process of expelling urine through the urethra (also called voiding). |
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Urinary meatus
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External opening of the urethra. |
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Arterioles |
Smallest renal arteries |
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Renin
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An enzyme secreted by and stored in the kidneys that promotes the production of the protein angiotensin. |
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Glomeruli
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A cluster of capillaries around the end of a kidney tubule, where waste products are filtered from the blood. (singular glomerulus) |
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Creatinine
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A compound that is produced by metabolism of creatine and excreted in the urine. |
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Uric Acid |
An almost insoluble compound that is a breakdown product of nitrogenous metabolism |
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Glomerular Capsule
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Bowman capsule is a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of Bowman's a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine. |
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Renal tubule
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Small structures in the kidney that filter the blood and produce the urine
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Nephron
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Each of the functional units in the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and its associated tubule, through which the glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as urine.
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Renal Pelvis
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A basin-like area in the central part the kidney
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Calyces (calices) |
Small cup-like regions of the renal pelvis |
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Ureter |
Tube which carries urine to the urinary bladder |
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Urinary Bladder |
A muscular sac which temporarily stores urine |
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Arteriole |
Small artery |
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Calciferol |
Active form of Vitamin D, secreted by the kidney |
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Catheter |
Tube for injecting or removing fluids |
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Creatinine |
Nitrogenous watse excreted in urine. |
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Creatinine Clearance |
A measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing (clearing) creatinine form the blood. |
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Electrolyte |
Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Necessary for functioning of muscles and nerves. |
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Erythropoietin (EPO) |
Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the produtction of red blood cells by bone marrow. -Poietin means a substance that forms. |
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Kidney |
1 of 2 bean-shaped organs on either side fo the backbone in the lumbar region; it filters ningrogenous waters from the bloodstream to form urine. |
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Meatus |
Opening or canal. |
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Medulla |
Inner region of an organ. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney. The term comes from the Latin medulla, meaning marrow (inner part). The medullary cavity in long bones is the innermost part containing red & yellow marrow. |
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Nephron |
Combination of glomerulus & renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in the kidney. It is the functional unit of the kidney, each capable fo forming urine by itself. |
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Nitrogenous Waste |
Substance containing ntirogen & excreted in urine. Examples of ntitogenous wastes are urea, uric acid, and creatinine |
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Postassium (K+) |
Electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within in the blood. Essential for allowing muscle contraction & condution of nervous impulses. |
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Reabsorption |
Process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream. |
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Rental Artery |
Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney |
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Renal Pelvis |
Central collecting region in the kidney |
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Renal tubule |
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the the kidney and toward the heart. |
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Renin |
Hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasconscriction (narrowing of the blood vessels). |
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Sodium (Na+) |
Electrolyte regulated in the blood & urine by the kidneys; needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions. |
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Trigone |
Triangular area in the urninary bladder. |
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Urea |
Major nitorgenous waste excreted in urine |
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Ureter |
1 of the 2 tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
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Urethra |
Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. |
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Uric acid |
Nitorgenous waste excreted in the urine |
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Urinary Bladder |
Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine. |
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Urination (voiding) |
Process of expelling urine; also called micturition |
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cali/o |
calyx (calix) cup shaped |
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calic/o |
calyx (calix) cup shaped |
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Caliectasis |
A medical condition in which the calyces of the kidneys become dilated |
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Caliceal |
Relating to the calyx |
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Cystitis |
Inflammation of the urinary bladder. |
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Cystectomy |
A surgical operation to remove the urinary bladder |
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Cystostomy |
The construction of an artificial opening from the bladder through the abdominal wall, permitting the drainage of urine |
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Glomerul/o |
Glomerulus |
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Meat/o |
Meatus |
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Meatal Stenosis |
A narrowing of the opening of the urethra, the tube through which urine leaves the body. |
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Paranephric |
Adjacent to the kidney |
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Nephropathy |
An abnormal state of the kidney |
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Nephroptosis |
Downward displacement or dropping of the kidney when its anatomic supports are weakened. |
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Nephropexy |
(-pexy mans fixation) An operation to put a "floating" kidney in place. |
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Nephrolithotomy |
Incision (percutaneous) into the kidney to remove a stone. |
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Hydronephrosis |
Distention of the renal calyces and pelvis with urine as a result of obstruction of the outflow of urine distal to the renal pelvis. |
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Nephrostomy |
Surgical opening to outside of the body (from the renal pelvis). This is necessary when ureter becomes obstructed & the obstruction can't be removed easily. |
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Pyel/o |
Renal pelvis |
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Pyelolithotomy |
Removal of a large calculus (stone) contributing to blockage of urine flow & development of infection. The renal pelvis is surgically opened. |
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Ren/o |
Kidney |
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Renal Ischemia |
The deficiency of blood in one or both kidneys, or nephrons, usually due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. |
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Renal Colic |
The severe pain produced by the passage of a calculus from the kidney through the ureter |
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Trigonitis |
A condition of inflammation of the trigone region of the bladder. |
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Ureteroplasty |
Repair of an injury or defect within the walls of the urethra. |
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Urethral Stricture |
Abnormal narrowing of the tube that carries urine out of the body from thebladder (urethra). |
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Vesic/o |
Urinary Bladder |
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Intravesical |
Situated or occurring within the bladder |
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Albumin/o |
Albumin (a protien in the blood) |
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Albuminuria |
Finding indicates malfunctioning of the kidney as protien leaks out of damaged glomeruli. -uria means urine condition |
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Microalbuminuria |
Leakage of very small amounts of albumin through the glomeruli |
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Azot/o |
Nitrogen |
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Azotemia |
Toxic condition characteristic of uremia. Indicated by an elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test. |
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Bacteri/o |
Bacteria |
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Bacteriuria |
The presence of bacteria in the urine. |
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Dips/o |
Thirst |
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Polydipsia |
Excessive thirst and fluid intake. |
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Kal/o |
Potassium |
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Hyperkalemia |
Elevated potassium in the blood. |
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Ket/o |
Ketone Bodies (keotacids & acetone) |
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Keton/o |
Ketone Bodies (ketoacids &acetone) |
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Ketosis |
A condition characterized by raised levels of ketone bodies in the body, associated with abnormal fat metabolism and diabetes mellitus. |
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Ketonuria |
The excretion of abnormally large amounts of ketone bodies in the urine, characteristic of diabetes mellitus, starvation, or other medical conditions. |
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Lith/o |
Stone |
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Neprolithiasis |
A condition in which individuals form calculi (stones) within the renal pelvis and tubular lumens. Stones form from crystals that precipitate (separate) out of the urine. Also called Kidney stone disease. |
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Natro/o |
Sodium |
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Hyponatremia |
A condition that occurs when the level of sodium in your blood is abnormally low. Sodium is an electrolyte, and it helps regulate the amount of water that's in and around your cells. |
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Noct/o |
Night |
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Nocturia |
The need to wake and pass urine at night |
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Olig/o |
Scanty |
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Oliguria |
The production of abnormally small amounts of urine. |
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-poietin |
Substance that form |
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Erythropoietin |
A hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues. |
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Py/o |
Pus |
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Pyuria |
The presence of pus in the urine, typically from bacterial infection. |
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-tripsy |
Crushing |
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Lithotripsy |
A treatment, typically using ultrasound shock waves, by which a kidney stone or other calculus is broken into small particles that can be passed out by the body. |
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Ur/o |
Urine (urea) |
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Uremia |
A raised level in the blood of urea and other nitrogenous waste compounds that are normally eliminated by the kidneys. |
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Enuresis |
Involuntary urination |
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Diuresis |
Increased or excessive production of urine |
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Antidiuretic Hormone |
A relatively small (peptide) molecule that is released by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain after being made nearby (in the hypothalamus). ADH has an antidiureticaction that prevents the production of dilute urine (and so is antidiuretic). Also called vasopressin. |
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Urin/o |
Urine |
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Urinary Incontinence |
Loss of control of passasge of urine from the bladder. |
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Stress Incontinence |
Occurs with strain on the bladder during coughing or sneezing. |
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Urgency Incontinence |
Occurs with the inability to hold back urination when feeling the urge to void. |
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Urinary Retention |
Results when the outflow of urine from the the bladder is blocked. |
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-uria |
Urination, Urine Condition |
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Dysuria |
Painful or difficult urination. |
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Anuria |
Failure of the kidneys to produce urine. |
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Hematuria |
The presence of blood in urine. |
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Glycosuria |
A condition characterized by an excess of sugar in the urine, typically associated with diabetes or kidney disease. |
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Polyuria |
Production of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine. |
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Glomerulonephritis
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Inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidneys
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Interstitial Nephritis
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Inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubles
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Nephrolithiasis
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Kidney stones
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Nephrotic Syndrome (Nephrosis) |
Group of clinical signs & symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine
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Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) |
Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within & on the kidney
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Pyeonephritis
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Inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis & renal parechyma
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Renal Cell Carcinoma (Hypernephroma) |
Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood
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Renal Failure
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Decrease in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function
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Rental Hypertension
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High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
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Wilms Tumor
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Malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood
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Bladder Cancer
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Malignant tumor of the urinary bladder
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Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH.
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Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
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Insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects.
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Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
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Measurement o urea levels in blood.
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Creatinine Clearance
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Measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney
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CT Urography
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X-Ray images obtained using computed tomography show multiple cross-sectional & other views of the kidney.
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Kidneys, Ureters, & Bladders (KUB) (X-Ray Study) |
X-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, & bladder
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Renal Angiography
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X-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney.
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Retrograde Pyelogram (RP)
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X-ray image of the renal pelvis & ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder.
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Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) |
X-ray image (with contrast) of the urinary bladder & urethra obtained while the patient is voiding.
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Ultrasonography
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Imaging of the urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves
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Radioisotope Scan
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Image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the blood stream.
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MRI Urography
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Changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney & surrounding structures in 3 planes of the body.
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Cystoscopy
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Direct visualization of the urethra & urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)
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Renal Angioplasty
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Dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries
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Renal Biopsy
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Removal of kidney tissues for microscopic examination.
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Renal Transplantation
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Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient.
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Urinary Catheterization.
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Passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder.
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ADH
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Antidiuretic Hormone - Vassopressin
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AKI
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Acute Renal Injury
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BUN
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Blood Urea Nitrogen
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CAPD
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Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
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CKD
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Chronic Kidney Disease - a condition during which serum creatinine & BUN levels rise, which may result in impairment of all body systems
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Cl-
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Chloride - an electrolyte excreted by the kidney
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CrCL
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Creatinine clearance
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CRF
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Chronic Renal Failure - progressive loss of kidney function
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C&S
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Culture & sensitivity testing - to determine antibiotic effectiveness against bacteria grown from a patient's urine specimen
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cysto
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cystoscopic examination
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eGFR
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estimated glomerular filtration rate
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ESWL
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extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
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HCO3-
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Bicarbonate - an electrolyte conserved by the kidney
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HD
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Hemodialysis
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IC
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Interstitial cystitis - chronic inflammation of the bladder wall; not caused by bacterial infection & and not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy
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IVP
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Intravenous Pyelogram
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K+
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Potassium - an electrolyte
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KUB
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Kidney, ureter, & bladder
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Na+
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Sodium - an electrolyte
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PD
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Peritoneal dialysis
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pH
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Potential hydrogen - scale to indicate degree of acidity or alkalinity
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PKD
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Polycystic Kidney disease
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PUL
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Percutaneous Ultrasound Lithotripsy
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RP
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Retrograde Pyelography
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sp gr
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specific gravity
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UA
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Urinalysis
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UTI
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Urinary Tract Infection
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VCUG
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Voiding Cystourethrogram
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