Chapter 7

Front 1

Stage 1 of cellular respiration

Back 1

Glycolysis

Front 2

In _________________ there are 3 phases and 10 steps. What are the 3 phases?

Back 2

Glycolysis; 1. Energy investment, 2. Cleavage, 3. Energy liberation.

Front 3

Phase of glycolysis in which; 2 ATP are Hydrolyzed to create fructose-1 and 6 biphosphate. What (how many) steps are in this phase?

Back 3

Energy investment; steps 1-3

Front 4

Phase in glycolysis which contains steps 4-5?

Back 4

Cleavage

Front 5

During_______________ phase of glycolysis; 6 carbon molecules are broken down into 3 carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

Back 5

Cleavage

Front 6

The last phase of glycolysis which contains steps 6-10 is?

Back 6

Energy liberation

Front 7

In which phase of glycolysis are; 2 glyceraldehyde, 3-phosphate molecules broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules?

Back 7

Energy liberation

Front 8

Energy liberation produces?

Back 8

2 NADH and 4 ATP and 2 pyruvate

Front 9

Process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules?

Back 9

Cellular respiration

Front 10

The primary aim of cellular respiration is?

Back 10

To make ATP and NADH

Front 11

___________ type of respiration uses oxygen while O2 is consumed and CO2 is released.

Back 11

Aerobic

Front 12

What type of metabolism does cellular respiration use?

Back 12

Glucose metabolism

Front 13

Cellular respiration primarily uses _______________ but other organic molecules are also used.

Back 13

Glucose

Front 14

Glycolysis, breakdown of pyruvate, citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are all __________________ of ___________________.

Back 14

Metabolic pathways; cellular respiration

Front 15

The energy liberation phase of glycolysis produces?

Back 15

4 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 molecules of pyruvate

Front 16

The energy liberation phase of glycolysis produces?

Back 16

4 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 molecules of pyruvate

Front 17

The energy liberation phase of glycolysis produces?

Back 17

4 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 molecules of pyruvate

Front 18

The energy liberation phase of glycolysis produces? With a net yield of ATP of how many? Because?

Back 18

4 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 molecules of pyruvate; net yield 2 ATP because two ATP are used during energy investment phase of glycolysis

Front 19

_____________________ cells usually exhibit high levels of glycolysis.

Back 19

Cancer

Front 20

_____________________ cells usually exhibit high levels of glycolysis.

Back 20

Cancer

Front 21

__________________ is when cancer cells preferentially use glycolysis while decreasing oxidative phosphorylation.

Back 21

The Warburg effect

Hint 21

Effect

Front 22

_____________________ cells usually exhibit high levels of glycolysis.

Back 22

Cancer

Front 23

__________________ is when cancer cells preferentially use glycolysis while decreasing oxidative phosphorylation.

Back 23

The Warburg effect

Hint 23

Effect

Front 24

___________________ occurs in the electron transport chain during cellular respiration.

Back 24

Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 25

_____________________ cells usually exhibit high levels of glycolysis.

Back 25

Cancer

Front 26

__________________ is when cancer cells preferentially use glycolysis while decreasing oxidative phosphorylation.

Back 26

The Warburg effect

Hint 26

Effect

Front 27

___________________ occurs in the electron transport chain during cellular respiration.

Back 27

Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 28

Many diseases are associated with alterations in?

Back 28

Carbohydrate metabolism

Front 29

_____________ is used to diagnose cancers.

Back 29

PET scans

Hint 29

Scans

Front 30

_______________________ are over expressed in 80% of all types of cancers.

Back 30

Glycolytic enzymes

Front 31

After glycolysis is complete how much pyruvate is created?

Back 31

2 pyruvate

Front 32

Stage 2 of cellular respiration is?

Back 32

The breakdown of pyruvate

Front 33

In eukaryotes, pyruvate is transported into the?

Back 33

Mitochondrial matrix

Front 34

What molecule breaks down pyruvate?

Back 34

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Front 35

_________________ is removed during the breakdown of one pyruvate and _____________ is remaining to create _____________.

Back 35

Molecule of CO2 removed from each pyruvate;

Remaining acetyl group attached to CoA to make

acetyl CoA

Front 36

The net yield of _______________ (stage 2 of cellular respiration) is _______ NADH?

Back 36

The breakdown of pyruvate (stage 2 of cellular respiration); 1 NADH

Front 37

What is stage III of cellular respiration?

Back 37

The citric acid cycle

Front 38

During the ______________ cycle, some molecules enter while others leave. A series of organic molecules are regenerated in each cycle.

Back 38

Metabolic cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Front 39

During _________________ acetal is removed from acetyl CoA and attached to oxaloacetate to form citrate (aka citric acid)

Back 39

The citric acid cycle

Front 40

During the ___________ cycle, series of steps release ___ CO2, ___ ATP, 3 ________ and ___ FADH2.

Back 40

Cytric acid; 2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

Front 41

What molecule or enzyme is regenerated to start the Citric Cycle over again?

Back 41

Oxaloacetate

Front 42

Stage 4 of cellular respiration?

Back 42

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 43

High energy electrons are removed from ________ and FADH2 to make _________.

Back 43

NADH; ATP

Front 44

Oxidative phosphorylation typically requires ______ and involves _______________ chain.

Back 44

Oxygen; the electron transport

Front 45

Phosphorylation occurs by ________________.

Back 45

ATP Synthase

Front 46

Protein complexes and small organic molecules are embedded in the _________________________.

Back 46

Inner molecule membrane

Front 47

Protein complexes and small organic molecules are embedded in the _________________________.

Back 47

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 48

In oxidative phosphorylation proteins accept and donate electrons in a linear manner in ________________________

Back 48

Redox reactions

Hint 48

Reaction

Front 49

Movement of of electrons generates what type of gradient? Which provides ____________ for the next step, synthesizing ATP.

Back 49

H+ electrochemical gradient (proton motive force); energy

Front 50

Phosphorylation is driven by?

Back 50

ATP synthase

Hint 50

Synthase

Front 51

Phosphorylation is driven by?

Back 51

ATP synthase

Hint 51

Synthase

Front 52

The lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane is relatively

Back 52

Impermeable to H+

Front 53

Proteins can only pass through?

Back 53

ATP synthase

Front 54

Phosphorylation is driven by?

Back 54

ATP synthase

Hint 54

Synthase

Front 55

The lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane is relatively

Back 55

Impermeable to H+

Front 56

Proteins can only pass through?

Back 56

ATP synthase

Front 57

Free energy is harnessed during oxidative phosphorylation from ADP to_______________.

Back 57

Synthesis ATP

Hint 57

Make

Front 58

Free energy is harnessed during oxidative phosphorylation from ADP to_______________.

Back 58

Synthesis ATP

Hint 58

Make

Front 59

______________ is the Chemical synthesis of ATP as a result of pushing H+ across a membrane

Back 59

Chemiosmosis

Front 60

What makes most of the cells ATP?

Back 60

NADH oxidation

Hint 60

Oxidation

Front 61

NADH oxidation creates the _______________ gradient to synthesize _________.

Back 61

H+ electrochemical; ATP

Front 62

NADH oxidation yield up to _________________ molecules/ glucose.

Back 62

30-34 ATP

Front 63

NADH oxidation yield up to _________________ molecules/ glucose.

Back 63

30-34 ATP

Front 64

NADH is also used in _____________ pathways and the ______ gradient is used for other purposes.

Back 64

Anabolic; H+

Front 65

NADH oxidation yield up to _________________ molecules/ glucose.

Back 65

30-34 ATP

Front 66

So of the other acceptors that are used under anaerobic conditions are;

Back 66

Nitrate (NO3) used by E. coli, makes ATP via Chemiosmosis (even under aerobic conditions)

Front 67

The breakdown of organic molecules without net oxidation is known as

Back 67

Fermentation

Front 68

Many organisms can only use O2 as a final electron acceptor, so under anaerobic conditions they need a different way to produce ATP, like using ________________.

Back 68

Glycolysis

Front 69

Glycolysis uses up ___________ and makes too much _________ under anaerobic conditions (dangerous situation)

Back 69

NAD+; NADH

Front 70

Muscle cells solve the problem of having too much NADH by ____________________________.

Back 70

Reducing pyruvate into lactate

Front 71

Yeast sole the problem of too much NADH by making _________________

Back 71

Ethanol

Front 72

NADH is also used in _____________ pathways and the ______ gradient is used for other purposes.

Back 72

Anabolic; H+

Front 73

ATP Synthase _____________________ as H+ ions flow through the H+ gradient.

Back 73

Captures free energy

Front 74

The enzyme (ATP synthase) converts energy from the ____________________________of the H+ gradient to ____________________ in ATP.

Back 74

Proton motive force: chemical bond energy

Front 75

ATP synthase is a rotary machine that makes ATP as it ____________.

Back 75

Spins

Front 76

Besides glucose, other molecules that are used for energy are;

Back 76

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Front 77

Other molecules also used for energy enter into glycolysis or the citric acid cycle at____________________.

Back 77

Different points

Front 78

Metabolism can also be used to _________________ (anabolism)

Back 78

Make molecules

Front 79

__________________ and ________________ are used for environments that lack oxygen or during oxygen deficient times.

Back 79

Anaerobic respiration and fermentation

Front 80

The two strategies of a anaerobic respiration and fermentation are;

Back 80

To use a substance other than O2 as a final electron acceptor in electron transport chain; to produce ATP only via substrate level phosphorylation