Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Central Nervous System |
Brain and Spinal Cord |
|
|
Peripheral Nervous System |
Cranial and spinal nerves. ( Everything outside) |
|
|
Neurons |
conduct impulses cannot divide |
|
|
Glial cells (Neuroglia) |
Support Neurons Can't conduct impulses Can divide |
|
|
Association Neuron |
Multipolar associated with CNS Interneuron |
|
|
Sensory Neuron |
transmits impulses from sensory receptor into CNS Afferent |
|
|
Motor Neuron |
CNS directing us to do something target organs ( muscles or glands) |
|
|
Somatic Motor Nerve |
Stimulates contraction of skeletal msucles |
|
|
Autonomic Motor Nerve |
Regulating hormones functions you don't think about |
|
|
Tract |
Axons interconnect regions of CNS bundle of axons |
|
|
Neurons |
Respond to Chemical and Physical Stimuli Conduct electrochemical impulses Most can't divide, but can repair Enable perception of sensory stimuli Releases Chemical regulators |
|
|
Cluster groups in CNS |
nuclei |
|
|
Cluster groups in PNS |
ganglia |
|
|
Axonal transport |
active process that moves organelles and proteins from the cell body to axon terminals |
|
|
Fast Axonal transport |
moves vesicles (neurotransmitters) |
|
|
Slow axonal transport |
move mircrofilaments, microtubles, and proteins |
|
|
anterograde transport |
cell body -dendrites- axon |
|
|
retrograde transport |
dentrites and axon to cell body |
|
|
Somatic motor neuron |
reflexes and voluntary control of skeletal muscles |
|
|
Autonomic motor neuron |
involuntary smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
|
|
Sympathetic |
Flight or fight response emergency situations |
|
|
Parasympathetic |
rest and digest normal functions |
|
|
Nerves |
bundles of axons located outside of CNS composed of sensory and motor neurons some cranial nerves have sensory fibers only |
|
|
2 types of glial cells in PNS |
Schwann and stellite cells |
|
|
Schwann cells |
form myelin sheaths around peripheral axons |
|
|
Satellite cells |
support cell bodies within the ganglia of PNS |
|
|
4 types of ganglia cells in CNS |
Oligodendrocytes Microglia Astrocyes Ependymal |
|
|
Oligodendrocyes |
form myelin sheath around the axons of CNS neurons |
|
|
Microglia |
Mirgrate around CNS tissue and phagocytize foreign and degenerated material |
|
|
Astrocyes |
regulate external environment of the neurons |
|
|
Ependymal |
line the ventricles and secrete cerebrospinal fluid |
|
|
Blood-brain barrier |
adjacent cells are joined by tight junctions substances can be moved by diffusion of enothelial cells, active transport, and bulk transport movement is transcellular |
|
|
Resting membrane potential |
permeability of membrane is positively charged, inorganic ions at rest= high concentrations of K+ inside and Na+ outside |
|
|
Depolarization |
positive ions enter the cell excitatory |
|
|
Hyperpolarization |
positive ions leave the cell or negative ions enter cell inhibitory |
|
|
K+ leakage channels |
not gated, always open |
|
|
Voltage gated K+ channels |
open when particular membrane is reached closed at resting potential |
|
|
voltage gated Na+ channels |
Open if membrane potential depolarizes to -55mV= threshold membrane potential climbs toward sodium equilibrium potential (less negative) channels deactivated at 30 mV positive feedback loop |
|
|
voltage gated K+ channels |
+30mV channel opens K+ rushes out of cell flowing electrochemical gradient cell repolarizes back towards postassium equilibrium potential negative feedback loop |
|
|
Action potential |
once reached, action potential will happen size of stimulus will not affect size or duration of action potential will always reach +30mV duration can make it more frequent size may recruit more neurons |
|
|
Refractory Period |
Occurs after action potential Neuron can't become excited again Moves stimulus signal directionally correct |
|
|
Absolute refractory period |
occurs during action potential Na+ channels are innactive |
|
|
Relative refractory period |
K+ channels open Strong stimulus needed to overcome this |
|
|
Unmyelinated conduction |
Axon potentials produced down entire axon slow; a lot of axon potentials are generated not sychronized amplitude of each potential is the same |
|
|
Myelinated conduction |
Faster signal leaps from node to node= saltatory conduction nodes of ranvier allow Na+ and K+ cross membrane Na+ ion channels are concentrated at nodes |
|
|
Action potential conduction speed increased by? |
Diameter of neuron reduces resistance to the spread of charges via cable properties |
|
|
Synapse |
Functional connection between neuron and cell it's signalling Can be electrical or chemical |
|
|
Synapse signaling in CNS |
Second cell will be another neuron |
|
|
Synapse signaling in PNS |
Second cell will be muscle or gland often called neuromuscular unctions |
|
|
Presynaptic neuron |
first neuron Can signal dendrite,cell body or axon of a second neuron |
|
|
postsynaptic neuron |
second neuron |
|
|
Electircal synapses |
Occur in smooth and cardiac muscle, some neurons of the brain, and between glial cells Cells joined by gap junction |
|
|
Chemical synapses |
Release neurotransmitter from axon terminal can readily diffuse across small synaptic cleft |
|
|
Neurotransmitters are enclosed in? |
Synaptic vesicles in axon terminal |
|
|
What is the action of a neurotransmitter |
diffuse across the synapse and bind to specific receptor proteins results in opening of chemically regulated ion channels |
|
|
ACh (neurotransmitter) |
Directly opens ion channels when it binds to its receptor Excitatory in some areas of CNS & Autonomic motor functions Excitatory in all Somatic motor neurons Inhibitory in some autonomic motor neurons |
|
|
Nicotinic ACh receptor |
Stimulated by nicotine Found on motor end plate of skeletal muscle cells in autonomic ganglia |
|
|
Muscarinic ACh receptor |
Stimulated by muscarinic Found in CNS and plasma membrane of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands |
|
|
Agonist |
drugs that stimulate receptor |
|
|
Antagonist |
drugs that inhibit receptor |
|
|
AChE |
enzyme that activates ACh activity shortly after it binds to receptor Hydrolyzes ACh into acetate and choline to be reused |
|
|
Monoamines |
derived from amino acids |
|
|
Catecholamines |
derived from tyrosine Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine |
|
|
Serotonin |
derived from L- tryptophan |
|
|
Histamine |
derived from histidine |
|
|
Monoamine action and inactivation |
made in presynaptic axon, released via exocytosis Quickly taken back into presynaptic cell and degraded by monoamine oxidase |
