Chapter 7

Front 1

alveol/o

Back 1

alveolus (air sac)

Front 2

bronch/o
bronchi/o

Back 2

bronchus (airway)

Front 3

bronchiol/o

Back 3

bronchiole (little airway)

Front 4

capn/o
carb/o

Back 4

carbon dioxide

Front 5

laryng/o

Back 5

larynx (voice box)

Front 6

lob/o

Back 6

lobe (a portion)

Front 7

nas/o
rhin/o

Back 7

nose

Front 8

or/o

Back 8

mouth

Front 9

ox/o

Back 9

oxygen

Front 10

palat/o

Back 10

palate

Front 11

pharyng/o

Back 11

pharynx (throat)

Front 12

phren/o

Back 12

diaphragm

Front 13

pleur/o

Back 13

pleura (lining of lungs)

Front 14

pneum/o
pneumon/o

Back 14

air or lung

Front 15

pulmon/o

Back 15

lung

Front 16

sinus/o

Back 16

sinus (cavity)

Front 17

spir/o

Back 17

breathing

Front 18

thorac/o
pector/o
steth/o

Back 18

chest

Front 19

tonsill/o

Back 19

tonsil

Front 20

trache/o

Back 20

trachea (windpipe)

Front 21

-pnea

Back 21

breathing

Front 22

nose

Back 22

structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract

Front 23

sinuses

Back 23

air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity

Front 24

palated

Back 24

the roof of the mouth

Front 25

pharynx

Back 25

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air into the larynx

Front 26

nasopharynx

Back 26

part of the pharynx behind the nasal passages

Front 27

oropharynx

Back 27

central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis

Front 28

laryngopharynx

Back 28

lower part of the pharynx just below the oropharynx opening into the larynx and esophagus

Front 29

tonsils

Back 29

oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that tilter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion

Front 30

adenoid

Back 30

lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose

Front 31

uvula

Back 31

small projection hanging form the back middle edge of the soft palate

Front 32

larynx

Back 32

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea

Front 33

glottis

Back 33

opening between the vocal cords in the larynx

Front 34

epiglottis

Back 34

a lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway

Front 35

trachea

Back 35

windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into right and left bronchus

Front 36

bronchial tree

Back 36

branched airways that lead form the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli

Front 37

bronchioles

Back 37

progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways

Front 38

alveoli

Back 38

thin-walled microscopic air sacs that exchange gases

Front 39

lungs

Back 39

two spongy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage

Front 40

lobes

Back 40

subdivisions of the lung; two on the left and three on the right

Front 41

pleura

Back 41

membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)

Front 42

pleural cavity

Back 42

potential space between visceral and parietal layers of the pleura

Front 43

diaphragm

Back 43

muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and moves up and down to aid respiration

Front 44

mediastinum

Back 44

partition that separates the thorax into two compartments and encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland

Front 45

cilia

Back 45

hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi

Front 46

parenchyma

Back 46

functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs that perform respiration

Front 47

eupnea

Back 47

normal breathing

Front 48

bradypnea

Back 48

slow breathing

Front 49

tachypnea

Back 49

fast breathing

Front 50

hypopnea

Back 50

shallow breathing

Front 51

hyperpnea

Back 51

deep breathing

Front 52

dyspnea

Back 52

difficulty breathing

Front 53

apnea

Back 53

inability to breathe

Front 54

orthopnea

Back 54

ability to breathe only in an upright position

Front 55

Cheye-Stokes respiration

Back 55

pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and sometimes rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea

Front 56

crackles
rales

Back 56

popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli

Front 57

wheezes

Back 57

high pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway

Front 58

stridor

Back 58

a high pitched crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway

Front 59

cyanosis

Back 59

a bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood

Front 60

dysphonia

Back 60

hoarseness

Front 61

epistaxis

Back 61

nosebleed

Front 62

expectoration

Back 62

coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs

Front 63

sputum

Back 63

material expelled from the lungs by coughing

Front 64

hemoptysis

Back 64

coughing up and spitting out blood originating in the lungs

Front 65

hypercapnia
hypercarbia

Back 65

excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 66

hyperventilation

Back 66

excessive movement of air in and out of the lungs, causing hypocapnia

Front 67

hypoventiliation

Back 67

deficient movement of air in and out of the lungs, causing hypercapnia

Front 68

hypoxemia

Back 68

deficient amount of oxygen in the blood

Front 69

hypoxia

Back 69

deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells

Front 70

obstructive lung disorder

Back 70

condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs

Front 71

restrictive lung disorder

Back 71

condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs

Front 72

caseous necrosis

Back 72

degeneration and death of tissue with a cheeselike appearance

Front 73

pulmonary edema

Back 73

fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli and eventually flooding into the alveoli

Front 74

pulmonary infiltrate

Back 74

density on an x-ray representing the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs

Front 75

rhinorrhea

Back 75

thin, watery discharge from the nose (runny nose)

Front 76

asthma

Back 76

panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of their mucous membrane

Front 77

atelectasis

Back 77

collapse of lung tissue

Front 78

bronchitis

Back 78

inflammation of the bronchi

Front 79

bronchogenic carinoma

Back 79

lung cancer

Front 80

bronchospasm

Back 80

constriction of bronchi caused by spasm of the peribronchial smooth muscle

Front 81

bronchiectasis

Back 81

abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus

Front 82

emphysema

Back 82

obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange

Front 83

chronic obstructive pulmonary diease

Back 83

permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Front 84

laryngitis

Back 84

inflammation of the larynx

Front 85

laryngotracheo-bronchitis

Back 85

inflammation of the upper airways with swelling that creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue

Front 86

laryngospasm

Back 86

spasm of laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction

Front 87

nasal polyposis

Back 87

presence of numerous polyps in the nose

Front 88

pharyngitis

Back 88

inflammation of the pharynx

Front 89

coryza

Back 89

head cold; inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes

Front 90

pleural effusion

Back 90

accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity

Front 91

empyema

Back 91

accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity

Front 92

hemothorax

Back 92

blood in pleural cavity

Front 93

pleuritis

Back 93

inflammation of pleura

Front 94

pneumoconiosis

Back 94

chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts

Front 95

pneumonia

Back 95

an inflammation in the lung caused by infection

Front 96

pneumothorax

Back 96

air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall

Front 97

pneumohemothorax

Back 97

air and blood in the pleural cavity

Front 98

pneumonitis

Back 98

inflammation of the lung often caused by hypersensitivity to chemicals or dusts

Front 99

pulmonary embolism

Back 99

occlusion in the pulmonary circulation

Front 100

pulmonary tuberculosis

Back 100

disease caused by the presence of Myobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs

Front 101

sinusitis

Back 101

inflammation of the sinuses

Front 102

sleep apnea

Back 102

periods of breathing cessation that occur during sleep, often causing snoring

Front 103

tonsillitis

Back 103

acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils

Front 104

upper respiratory infection

Back 104

infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract

Front 105

arterial blood gases

Back 105

analysis of arterial blood to determine adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases

Front 106

pH

Back 106

measure of blood acidity

Front 107

PaO2

Back 107

partial pressure of oxygen measuring the amount of oxygen in the blood

Front 108

PaCO2

Back 108

partial pressure of carbon dioxide measuring the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 109

endoscopy

Back 109

examination inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes

Front 110

nasopharyngoscopy

Back 110

use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx

Front 111

auscultation

Back 111

to listen

Front 112

percussion

Back 112

a physical examination method of tapping over the body to elicit vibrations and sounds

Front 113

MRI

Back 113

nonionizing image of the lungs to visualize lung lesions

Front 114

tidal volume (TV)

Back 114

amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration

Front 115

vital capacity (VC)

Back 115

amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration

Front 116

adenoidectomy

Back 116

excision of adenoids

Front 117

lobectomy

Back 117

removal of a lobe of a lung

Front 118

nasal polyypectomy

Back 118

removal of a nasal polyp

Front 119

pneumonectomy

Back 119

removal of an entire lung

Front 120

thoracentesis

Back 120

puncture for aspiration of the chest

Front 121

thoracoplasty

Back 121

repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs

Front 122

thoracoscopy

Back 122

endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thoacoscope

Front 123

thoracostomy

Back 123

creation of an opening in the chest, usually to insert a tube

Front 124

thoractomy

Back 124

incision into the chest

Front 125

tonsillectomy

Back 125

excision of palatine tonsils

Front 126

tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

Back 126

excision of tonsils and adenoids

Front 127

tracheostomy

Back 127

creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube

Front 128

tracheotomy

Back 128

incision into the trachea

Front 129

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Back 129

a device that pumps a constance pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages

Front 130

expectorant

Back 130

a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing

Front 131

bronchodilator

Back 131

a drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi