Chapter 7

Front 1

The heart blood vessels, and blood make up the ____ system.

Back 1

circulatory

Front 2

List three ways in which the circulatory system helps maintain homeostasis of interstitial fluid.

Back 2

-supplies nutrients
-removes wastes and carbon dioxide
-removes excess ions (salts) and water

Front 3

List three functions of blood.

Back 3

-Transportation
-Regulation
-Defense

Front 4

What percentage of body weight is occupied by blood?

Back 4

8%

Front 5

Blood is composed of two parts, the liquid component, ___ and the cellular component of ___, ___, and ____.

Back 5

-plasma
-RBCs
-WBCs
-platelets

Front 6

Percentage of plasma in blood.

Back 6

55%

Front 7

Percentage of red blood cells in blood.

Back 7

44%

Front 8

Percentage of white blood cells and platelets in blood.

Back 8

1%

Front 9

90% of plasma is composed of ____.

Back 9

water

Front 10

10% of plasma consists of ____,____,____,_____,_____, and ______.

Back 10

-proteins
-electrolytes/ions
-hormones
-gases
-nutrients
-wastes

Front 11

Scientific name for red blood cells.

Back 11

erythrocytes

Front 12

Scientific name for white blood cells.

Back 12

leukocytes

Front 13

Scientific name for platelets.

Back 13

thrombocytes

Front 14

Plasma proteins that maintain osmotic/water blance are ____.

Back 14

albumins

Front 15

Plasma proteins that defend the body against infection and that transport cholesterol are ____.

Back 15

globulins

Front 16

Plasma proteins that aid in blood clotting are ____ proteins.

Back 16

clotting

Front 17

What is the function of red blood cells?

Back 17

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 18

Describe the structure of red blood cells.

Back 18

small, flattened, biconcave disks

Front 19

How does red blood cell structure contribute to its function?

Back 19

-able to squeeze through small blood vessels
-facilitates gas exchange across cell surface

Front 20

The protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen and gives red blood cells their red color is called ____.

Back 20

hemoglobin

Front 21

Describe the structureof hemoglobin.

Back 21

made of 4 polypeptide chains-each chain contains a heme group with an iron atom at the center

Front 22

Hemoglobin picks up oxygen in the ___ and releases oxygen in body ____.

Back 22

-lungs
-tissues

Front 23

Hemoglobin releases oxygen to body tissues and picks up carbon dioxide waste from body tissues. It is able to bind and transport both oxygen and carbon dioxide because oxygen binds with the ____ part of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide binds with the ____ part of hemoglobin.

Back 23

-heme
-globin

Front 24

The percentage of blood consisting of red blood cells is called the ____.

Back 24

hematocrit

Front 25

The hematocrit is a measure of the ____ carrying capacity of blood. The calue in men is higher than in women, but the average is approximately ____%.

Back 25

men/43-49%
women/37-43%

Front 26

A low hematocrit indicates ____ production and ____.

Back 26

-RBC
-anemia

Front 27

A high hemtocrit indicates indicates increased ____ production.

Back 27

RBC

Front 28

List two reasons that the hematocrit might be high.

Back 28

-high blood pressure
-visit high altitude for a few weeks

Front 29

List seven locations in the skeleton that contain red bone marrow and stem cells.

Back 29

-skull
-ribs
-vertebrae
-sternum
-pelvis
-humerus
-femur

Front 30

Do stem cells produce mature or immature blood cells?

Back 30

immature blood cells

Front 31

In the life cylce of red blood cells, ___ cells in red bone marrow develop into immature red blood cells called ____.

Back 31

-stem
-erythroblasts

Front 32

Erythroblasts/immature red blood cells lose their ___ and ___ and synthesize ____ before they are released to the bloodstream as mature red blood cells called _____.

Back 32

-nuclei
-organelles
-hemoglobin
-erythrobocytes

Front 33

Why don't red blood cells reproduce and perform basic cell functions?

Back 33

-wear out-live only 120 days

Front 34

Approximately two million red blood cells die or are destroyed every second. Old or damaged RBCs are destroyed by cells called ____ which engulf and digest them in a process called ____.

Back 34

-macrophages
-phagocytosis

Front 35

The destruction of cells occures in the ___ and ____.

Back 35

-liver
-spleen

Front 36

When RBCs are destroyed, the polypeptide chains are broken down to ____ that are recycled and used to make new ____.

Back 36

-amino acids
-proteins

Front 37

The iron atoms are returned to the red bone marrow to produce new ___ molecules, and the heme groups are converted by the ____ to ____ which mixes with bile to aid in digestion.

Back 37

-hemoglobin
-liver
-bilirubin

Front 38

ERYTHROPOIETIN

Back 38

The hormone that regulates red blood cell production and that is produced and released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen availability.

Front 39

The accumulation of bilirubin in plasma that causes skin and mucous membranes to turn yellow is called ____. This condition is due to the liver not processing bilirubin properly.

Back 39

-jaundice
-liver

Front 40

Synthetic erythropoietin is used medically to treat anemia, but it is also used illegally by athletes to increas ____ production and ____ carrying capacity in a process called ____.

Back 40

-RBC
-oxygen-
-blood doping

Front 41

List two functions of white blood cells.

Back 41

-protect from infection
-regulate inflammatory reactions

Front 42

List the two types of white blood cells based on staining characteristics.

Back 42

-granulocytes
-agranulocytes

Front 43

The only white blood cells that do not mature in the red bone marrow are _____ which mature in the ____.

Back 43

-T-lymphocytes
-thymus

Front 44

Dead or injured white blood cells are removed by the ___ and ____.

Back 44

-liver
-spleen

Front 45

Production of white blood is regulated by chemicals produced by white blood cells themselves in response to invasion by ___ and ____.

Back 45

-viruses
-bacteria

Front 46

List the three types of granular leukocytes (granulocytes).

Back 46

-Neutrophils
-Eosinophils
-Basophils

Front 47

The most abundant white blood cell is the ____ which accounts for 60% of all white blood cells circulating in the blood.

Back 47

neutrophils

Front 48

LYMPHOCYTES

Back 48

the second most abundant WBC (30% of all ABCs)

Front 49

MONOCYTES

Back 49

the largest white blood cell

Front 50

NEUTROPHILS

Back 50

first to respond to infection and numbers increase in acute bacterial infections

Front 51

T-LYMPHOCYTES

Back 51

produce antibodies

Front 52

EOSINOPHILS

Back 52

defends against parasites and is involved in allergic reactions

Front 53

MONOCYTES

Back 53

differentiates into macrophages in body tissues and destroys pathogens and cell debris by phagocytosis

Front 54

LYMPHOCYTES

Back 54

found in the bloodstream, tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland

Front 55

BASOPHILS

Back 55

releases histamine and initiates the inflammatory response

Front 56

T-LYMPHOCYTES

Back 56

attack and destroy foreign cells such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancer cells, and transplant cells

Front 57

MONOCYTES

Back 57

active during chronic infections such as tuberculosis

Front 58

What are platelets? Are they true cells?

Back 58

-small cell fragments derived from megakaryotes
-no

Front 59

THROMBOPOIETIN

Back 59

hormone that platelet production is regulated by

Front 60

What is the function of platelets?

Back 60

involved in stoppage of bleeding

Front 61

List and describe the three steps involved in homeostasis.

Back 61

-vascular spasm/ constriction of blood vessels to reduce blood flow to the area
-formation of platelet plug/ to seal ruptured blood vessel
-coagulation/formation of a blood clot

Front 62

There are ___ clotting factors involved in coagulation or formation of a blood clot.

Back 62

12

Front 63

2 of the 12 clotting factors are ___ activator and _____.

Back 63

-prothrombin
-thrombin

Front 64

The fibrin clot formed during coagulation is composed of insoluble _____ that traps ____ and ____ at the injury site.

Back 64

-protein threads
-platelets
-blood cells

Front 65

HEMOPHILIA A

Back 65

an inherited condition caused by a deficiency of clotting factor VIII

Front 66

ASPIRIN

Back 66

a common pain medication that interferes with formation of the platelet plug

Front 67

ANTIGEN

Back 67

a foreign protein that the body recognizes as "nonself"

Front 68

ANTIBODY

Back 68

a protein produced by lymphocytes in response to a foreign protein

Front 69

Why is carbon monoxide poisoning so deadly?

Back 69

reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin

Front 70

MULTIPLE MYELOMA

Back 70

cancer of blood caused by overproduction of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow

Front 71

MONONUCLEOSIS

Back 71

"kissing disease" caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection of lymphocytes

Front 72

LEUKEMIA

Back 72

decreased number of platelets causing bleeding and bruising

Front 73

IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

Back 73

the most common form of anemia

Front 74

SEPTICEMIA

Back 74

proliferation of microorganisms or their toxins in blood

Front 75

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

Back 75

a genetic disorder causing abnormally-shaped RBCs and multiple body affects in people of African descent