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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Microbes
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-Bacteria
-Viruses -Prions -If causes diseases in humans, they are called pathogens. |
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Normal defense
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1. Physical/Chemical Barriers (skin, saliva)
2. Nonspecific early response 3. Specific response (immune center response - kill something specific) |
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Bacteria
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-Single Cell Organism
-Prokaryote (no nucleus) -3 common shapes -> bacillis, coccus, spirillum -Anatomy - plasma membrane, cell wall, bacterial flagellum, pilus, DNA (necleoid region), plasmid, etc. -Bacterial diseases: a. Staphylococcus b. Clostridium Butulinum |
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Viruses
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-Not a cell & Not alive -> much smaller
-Causes disease only inside an organism. -Viral Structure: "Nucleic Acid in a Coat" -> outer protein capsid + inner DNA/RNA cave -Viral Reproduction: brings everything it needs to reproduce (may also have enzymes) a. Virus attaches to cell -> genetic material enters cell -> hijacks host -> virus relies on host's enzymes etc. for own reproduction -"New" Viruses a. Ebola Virus, West Nile, Avian flu |
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Prions
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-Basically proteins -> don't know exactly what it does, but affects brain.
-"Rogue" prion = disease prion (RARE) -Prion diseases a. Mad cow disease = Kreutz feldt-Jakob disease |
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Lymphatic System
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-Functions:
1. Absorb excess tissue fluid 2. Absorb fats in small intestine 3. Has lymphocytes (made, maintain, sent out) to protect against pathogens 4. Defend against pathogens -Lymph Travel a. Lymph capillaries (flat tip for fluid to enter; has valves) b. Lymph vessels c. Lymph ducts (2 - drains into big veins) |
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Lymphatic Organs
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-Primary organs: site where lymphocytes made/mature
i.e. Bone marrow, thymus -Secondary Organs: site where lymphocytes stored or work i.e. Spleen, lymph nodes, nodules -Red Bone Marrow (Primary Organ) a. B cells made here -Thymus (Primary Organ) a. T cells made here -Spleen (2nd) a. Blood being filtered of debris and damaged RBC -Lymph nodes (2nd) a. occur along lymphatic vessels - lymph being filtered) -MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue - 2nd) a. lines vagina + other places |
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Immunity
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-Response, barriers to entry:
a. Physical Barriers = skin, mucous membranes, cilia b. Chemical Barriers = oil, sweat, saliva, urine, secretions c. Resident Bacteria |
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Inflammation
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-Swelling, redness, heat, pain, loss of function
-Rest, ice, compression, elevation -Inflammatory Response: a. Tissue injury -> Histamine release -> increased blood flow b. Fluid leaks out -> WBC diapedesis -> platelets -> clotting c. Phagocytes (neutrophils & macrophages) = eat debris and bacteria |
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Protective Proteins: Complement
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Complement = set of proteins
-Membrane Attack Complex: produces holes in the surface of the bacteria fluids then enters the bacterial cell to the point they burst. -Interferon: proteins produced by virus-infected cells as a warning to non-infected cells in the area (virus takes over cell, while cell makes interferon -> cell dies but still warns others) |
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Specific Defenses
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-antigen: molecule that immune system recognizes as foreign
-B cells & T cells a. B cells: antibody mediated immunity; made in bone marrow b. B cell receptor + specific antigen -> activated B-cell c. Apoptosis = pre-programmed cell suicide d. Antibody structure = light chains & heavy chains e. Ab-Ag Reactions: i - Ab reacts with Ag and coats completely, neutralizing it ii - Ab coating makes it easier for Ag to be seen and engulfed iii - Ab forms complex with Ag which attracts WBC f. Immunoglobulin (antibody) Classes: i - IgA (major) ii - IgG iii - IgD, IgE, IgM g. T cells = made in thymus = cell mediated immunity i - T cell receptor can't recognize antigen without help ii - Macrophage engulfs Ag iii - Antigen Presenting Cell (macrophage that already broke down antigen) iv - T cell activated h. T cell subtypes: i. Cutotoxic T cell - binds to target cell secretes protein & signal cell |
