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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a sensation? |
The effects of a stimulus on the sensory organs |
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The elaboration and interpretation of a sensory stimulus based on, for example, knowledge of how objects are structured is called... |
Perception |
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What is the retina? |
The internal surface of the eyes that consists of multiple layers. Some layers contain photoreceptors that convert light to neural signals, and others consist of neurons themselves |
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A type of photoreceptor specialized for low levels of light intensity, such as those found at night |
Rod cells |
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A type of photoreceptor specialized for high levels of light intensity, such as those found during the day, and specialized for the detection of different wavelengths |
Cone cells |
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The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, where there are no rods and cones present |
Blind spot |
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The first stage of visual processing in the cortex; this region retains the spatial relationships found on the retina and combines simple visual features into more complex ones |
Primary Visual Cortex (V1) |
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The region of space that elicits a response from a given neuron |
The receptive field |
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In vision, what are the cells that respond to light in a particular orientation? |
Simple cells |
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In vision, what are the cells that respond to light in a particular orientation but do not respond to single points of light? |
Complex cells |
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In vision, what are the cells that respond to particular orientations and particular lengths? |
Hyper complex cells |
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Cortical blindness restricted to one half of the visual field (associated with damage to the primary visual cortex in one hemisphere) is called... |
Hemianopia |
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Cortical blindness restricted to a quarter of the visual field is called... |
Quadrantanopia |
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What is a scotoma? |
A small region of cortical blindness |
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The receptive fields of a set of neurons are organized in a such a way as to reflect the spatial organization present in the retina, which is called... |
Retinotopic organization |
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A symptom in which the patient reports not being able to consciously see stimuli in a particular region but can nevertheless perform visual discriminations (e.g. long, short) accurately |
Blindsight |
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A region of extrastriate cortex associated with color perception |
V4 |
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A region of extrastriate cortex associated with motion perception |
V5 (or MT) |
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A failure to perceive color (the world appears in grayscale), not to be confused with color blindness (deficient or absent types of cone cell) |
Achromatopsia |
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A failure to perceive visual motion |
Akinetopsia |
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In vision, a pathway extending from the occipital lobes to the temporal lobes involved in object recognition, memory, and semantics |
Ventral stream |
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In vision, a pathway extending from the occipital lobes to the parietal lobes involved in visually guided action and attention |
Dorsal stream |
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The color of a surface is perceived as constant even when illuminated in different lighting conditions |
Color constancy |
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The ability to detect whether a stimulus is animate or not from movement cues alone |
Biological motion |
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A memory representation of the three-dimensional structure of objects |
Structural descriptions |
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A failure to understand the meaning of objects due to a deficit at the level of object perception |
Apperceptive agnosia |
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A failure to understand the meaning of objects due to a deficit at the level of semantic memory |
Associative agnosia |
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The process of segmenting a visual display into objects versus background surfaces |
Figure–ground segregation |
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A failure to integrate parts into wholes in visual perception |
Integrative agnosia |
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An understanding that objects remain the same, irrespective of differences in viewing condition |
Object constancy |
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An inability to extract the orientation of an object despite adequate object recognition |
Object orientation agnosia |
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The notion that the brain represents different categories in different ways (and/or different regions) |
Category specificity |
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Stored knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of familiar faces |
Face recognition units (FRUs) |
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An abstract description of people that links together perceptual knowledge (e.g. faces) with semantic knowledge |
Person identity nodes (PINs) |
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An area in the inferior temporal lobes that responds more to faces than other visual objects, and is implicated in processing facial identity |
Fusiform face area (FFA) |
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Impairments of face processing that do not reflect difficulties in early visual analysis (also used to refer to an inability to recognize previously familiar faces) |
Prosopagnosia |
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The tendency to perceive ambiguous or hybrid stimuli as either one thing or the other (rather than as both simultaneously or as a blend) |
Categorical perception |