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37 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is a sensation?

The effects of a stimulus on the sensory organs

The elaboration and interpretation of a sensory stimulus based on, for example, knowledge of how objects are structured is called...

Perception

What is the retina?

The internal surface of the eyes that consists of multiple layers. Some layers contain photoreceptors that convert light to neural signals, and others consist of neurons themselves

A type of photoreceptor specialized for low levels of light intensity, such as those found at night

Rod cells

A type of photoreceptor specialized for high levels of light intensity, such as those found during the day, and specialized for the detection of different wavelengths

Cone cells

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, where there are no rods and cones present

Blind spot

The first stage of visual processing in the cortex; this region retains the spatial relationships found on the retina and combines simple visual features into more complex ones

Primary Visual Cortex (V1)

The region of space that elicits a response from a given neuron

The receptive field

In vision, what are the cells that respond to light in a particular orientation?

Simple cells

In vision, what are the cells that respond to light in a particular orientation but do not respond to single points of light?

Complex cells

In vision, what are the cells that respond to particular orientations and particular lengths?

Hyper complex cells

Cortical blindness restricted to one half of the visual field (associated with damage to the primary visual cortex in one hemisphere) is called...

Hemianopia

Cortical blindness restricted to a quarter of the visual field is called...

Quadrantanopia

What is a scotoma?

A small region of cortical blindness

The receptive fields of a set of neurons are organized in a such a way as to reflect the spatial organization present in the retina, which is called...

Retinotopic organization

A symptom in which the patient reports not being able to consciously see stimuli in a particular region but can nevertheless perform visual discriminations (e.g. long, short) accurately

Blindsight

A region of extrastriate cortex associated with color perception

V4

A region of extrastriate cortex associated with motion perception

V5 (or MT)

A failure to perceive color (the world appears in grayscale), not to be confused with color blindness (deficient or absent types of cone cell)

Achromatopsia

A failure to perceive visual motion

Akinetopsia

In vision, a pathway extending from the occipital lobes to the temporal lobes involved in object recognition, memory, and semantics

Ventral stream

In vision, a pathway extending from the occipital lobes to the parietal lobes involved in visually guided action and attention

Dorsal stream

The color of a surface is perceived as constant even when illuminated in different lighting conditions

Color constancy

The ability to detect whether a stimulus is animate or not from movement cues alone

Biological motion

A memory representation of the three-dimensional structure of objects

Structural descriptions

A failure to understand the meaning of objects due to a deficit at the level of object perception

Apperceptive agnosia

A failure to understand the meaning of objects due to a deficit at the level of semantic memory

Associative agnosia

The process of segmenting a visual display into objects versus background surfaces

Figure–ground segregation

A failure to integrate parts into wholes in visual perception

Integrative agnosia

An understanding that objects remain the same, irrespective of differences in viewing condition

Object constancy

An inability to extract the orientation of an object despite adequate object recognition

Object orientation agnosia

The notion that the brain represents different categories in different ways (and/or different regions)

Category specificity

Stored knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of familiar faces

Face recognition units (FRUs)

An abstract description of people that links together perceptual knowledge (e.g. faces) with semantic knowledge

Person identity nodes (PINs)

An area in the inferior temporal lobes that responds more to faces than other visual objects, and is implicated in processing facial identity

Fusiform face area (FFA)

Impairments of face processing that do not reflect difficulties in early visual analysis (also used to refer to an inability to recognize previously familiar faces)

Prosopagnosia

The tendency to perceive ambiguous or hybrid stimuli as either one thing or the other (rather than as both simultaneously or as a blend)

Categorical perception