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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Washington's Farewell Address
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A long letter composed in part by Alexander Hamilton at the end of George Washington's Presidency in 1797. The letter reacted to Republican dealings with French to upset the the Federalist program. Essentially, Washington denounced the Republicans and warned about the dangers of political parties.
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Report on Manufacturing 1791
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Alexander Hamilton wrote this famous report as he laid out a scheme for stimulating the growth in the United States and stated the advantages to the nation of a healthy and working manufacturing base. This scheme consisted of taxes on distillers and tariffs on imports.
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Virginia Plan (concept)
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1787-The Virginia plan called for a new national legislature with 2 houses. In the lower house the states would be represented based on the size of their population. Therefore Virginia would have 10 times as many representatives as Delaware. This caused larger states to favor this plan and smaller states to fear it. The members of the upper house were elected by the members of the lower house under no rigid system of representation. Some small states had no members at all in the upper house. The Virginia Plan proposed a strong national government that could make and enforce laws, and collect taxes.
The Virginia Plan had three branches, the legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislature was more powerful, and it chose people to serve in the executive and judicial branches. Legislature had Two houses (bicameral). The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected by the state legislatures. Both were represented proportionally. http://library.thinkquest.org/11572/creation |
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Bank of the United States
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The Bank of the United States began in 1791 under a charter that granted it the right to continue for 20 years. George Washington signed the bill presented by Hamilton who argued that the creation of a national bank was compatible with the Constitution. The Bank quickly restored public credit and bonds were selling at prices even above their par value.
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New Jersey Plan (concept)
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The small states didn’t like the Virginia plan so they asked if they could make up their own plan. This plan had three branches, the legislative, executive and judicial. Its legislature only had one house (unicameral) which gave each state the same amount of representatives no matter how large or small the state’s population was. This way, smaller states had the same power in the legislature as larger states. The national government could levy taxes and import duties, regulate trade, and state laws would be subordinate to laws passed by the national legislature. In the end the New Jersey plan was rejected. (pg 166)
http://library.thinkquest.org/11572/creation/framing/va_nj_plans.html |
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Federalist Party
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The Federalist Party was an American political party in the period 1792 to 1816. The Federalists controlled the government until 1801. The party was formed by Alexander Hamilton, who, during George Washington's first term, built a network of supporters, largely urban bankers and businessmen, to support his policies. These supporters grew into the Federalist Party, who supported a fiscally sound and nationalistic government.
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Republican Party
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Due to Federalists dominating and almost tyrannical power, their critics felt a need to create and organize a vigorous opposition. And thus rose the Republican Party. Republicans went to greater lengths to influence community. They believed they were fighting to defend the people against the corrupt conspiracy by the Federalists.
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John Adams' Presidency
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John Adams, a federalist, was elected in 1796 over Thomas Jefferson. His term was characterized by battles between Federalists and Republicans, and battles within the Federalist party itself. Though Adams was a talented diplomat he proved ineffective as a leader because of his assumptions that his own virtue and positions were correct.
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Quasi War with France
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Tensions rose between France and the US during the French revolutionary period because of America's relationships with Britain and Spain. Actual confrontations included French ships capturing American vessels, and the XYZ affair. The XYZ affair was a meeting between Americans Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Jerry and three French agents. The agents demanded bribes and a loan in order to negotiate. The US refused and began aggressive policies toward France navally, while forming an alliance with England against the French. In 1800 peace was restored between France and the US and new trade agreements were included in the treaty.
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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The Alien act made it much more difficult for foreigners to immigrate to the US. The Sedition act allowed the government to prosecute anyone who engaged in libelous or treasonous activities against the government. Both acts were passed in order to suppress the Republican party. Both were passed in 1798.
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The Great Compromise (concept)
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On July 2nd 1787 the convention agreed to create a grand committee with 1 delegate from each state to resolve the problems that the Virginia and New Jersey plans had created. The committee agreed on a legislature where each state is represented in the lower house based on population. Each slave counted as 3/5ths of a person for representation and taxation purposes. In the upper house the states would be represented equally, 2 members per state. On July 16th 1787 the convention voted to accept the compromise.(pg 166-167)
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Citizen Genet (person)
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Citizen Genet was the first Ambassador sent to America by France in 1793. He disembarked at Charleston where he made plans to outfit French warships, encourage American shipowners to serve as French privateers, and commissioned George Rogers Clark to lead a military expedition against Spanish lands to the south. In doing so, he was ignoring Washington’s instructions and violating the Neutrality Act. This enraged Washington, who soon demanded the French government recall him. This affair with Citizen Genet proved the Neutrality Act could survive
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Jay's Treaty (event)
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Jay’s Treaty was a treaty between the United States and Great Britain, which averted war and solved many issues left by the Revolution, and opened peaceful trade in the midst of the French Revolution. It was signed in 1794 but did not take effect until 1796. When these negotiations were made public, they were denounced by the citizens for not having extracted enough promise from Britain. Many attempted to prevent ratification of the treaty, but in the end the Senate approved it.
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Pickney's Treaty (event)
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Pickney’s Treaty was signed in 1795 and formed negotiations between Spain and the U.S. because of fears in Spain that Britain and America might form an alliance and challenge Spain. Upon arrival in Spain, Pickney had no problem gaining all that America asked for from Spain. Spain recognized the right of Americans to navigate the Mississippi to its mouth and deposit goods at New Orleans for reloading on oceangoing ships, agreed to fix the northern boarder of Florida where Americans always insisted it should be, and required the Spanish authorities to prevent Indians in Florida from launching raids against the border.
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The Election of 1796 (event)
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The Election of 1796 was the first American contested election and the only one to elect a president and vice president from opposing tickets. Thomas Jefferson ran with Burrs on his ticket, and John Adams ran with Thomas Pickney. Democratic Republicans allied with Jefferson, while federalists allied with John Adams. Adams won, but Jefferson received more votes than Pickney, and so became vice-president.
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Sovereignty (concept)
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The question of sovereignty was one of the main reasons for friction between the colonies and Great Britain, and it continued to trouble the Americans as they attempted to create their own government. How could both the state governments and the national government exercise sovereignty at the same time? The answer that James Madison came up with was that the power has to lie within the people. (pg 167)
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Separation of Powers
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The separation of powers, is a model for the governance of both democratic & federative states. In the United States Constitution, Article I Section I gives Congress only those "legislative powers herein granted" and proceeds to list those permissible actions in Article I Section 8, while Section 9 lists actions that are prohibited for Congress.
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Checks and Balances
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Checks and balances allow for a system based regulation that allows one branch to limit another, such as the power of Congress to alter the composition and jurisdiction of the federal courts.
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Federalists/Anti-Federalists
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The creation of the Constitution entailed hours of debate and compromise, and even when it was completed, some delegates were unhappy with it. The task of fixing the ailing Confederate government was not complete yet; each state had to ratify, or approve, the Constitution. Basically, people divided into two groups, the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. Each of their viewpoints is worth examining, as they both have sound reasoning. The Anti-Federalists did not want to ratify the Constitution. The Federalists, on the other hand, had answers to all of the Anti-Federalist complaints.
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Federalist Papers
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The Federalist Papers were written and published during the years 1787 and 1788 in several New York State newspapers to persuade New York voters to ratify the proposed constitution.
In total, the Federalist Papers consist of 85 essays outlining how this new government would operate and why this type of government was the best choice for the United States of America. |
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
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The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison and were adopted by the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures, respectively. They argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. They argued that the laws were unconstitutional by using the ideas of John Locke to argue that the federal government had been formed by a contract among the states and only had certain powers. If the states felt that the national government had exceeded its powers in writing the laws, the states had the right to nullify those laws. Only Virginia and Kentucky ended up declaring the acts void.
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Thomas Jefferson
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Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) was a Democratic-Republican.Thomas Jefferson was a principal author of the Declaration of Independence. He wrote the Kentucky resolution in 1798. He served as president between 1801 and 1809. His election as president demostrated the shift from a Federalist led to a Republican government.
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The Revolution of 1800
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The Revolution of 1800 was the term Republicans used to describe the presidential election in which a Republican, Thomas Jefferson had beat a federalist. This led many Republicans to believe that they had halted the development of a tyrranical government. It represented a change from aa federalist to republican led government and led to the Judiciary Act of 1801.
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The Judiciary Act of 1801
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The Judiciary Act of 1801 was proposed by the Adams administration and passed by the lame duck congress. It was a response to the Republican victory during the presidential election because it attempted to increase federalist influence in the judiciary branch of an increasingly republican government. It reduced the number of Supreme Court justiceships and increased the total number of federal justiceships. Then Adams then appointed Federalist judges to take those posts before being replaced by Jefferson as president.
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Newburgh Conspiracy (Event)
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-Involved military men who were mostly members of the Society of Cincinnati (Organization of men who fought in the patriot army)
-These men were angered that Congress refused to fund their pensions -As a result, they wanted to influence and invigorate the national government. They even envisioned a military dictatorship. -In 1783, they directly challenged Congress -Washington intervened to prevent a rebellion |
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Tariffs (concept) P. 161
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-American Manufacturers (artisans & mechanics) wanted numerous state tariffs replaced with a uniform national duty
-At the time there were 13 different and ineffective commerical policies in addition to a national one -Also, land owners wanted Indians removed from their land and those in debt wanted states to stop circulating paper money |
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Alexander Hamilton (person) P.161,165,167,168,169
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-Founding father, Political genius, lawyer, former aide of Washington, Federalist, and Secretary of the Treasury
-Unhappy w/ articles of confed. & weak central Gov.'t it created and called for a convention to overhaul it -Saw Constitution as a way to protect order & property & defend against too much & too little liberty -Helped write Federalist papers -Had Aristocratic tastes and philosphies when he was Secretary of the treasury, believed that gov.'t needed enlightened ruling class -Proposed the policy of "funding the debt" and supported the creation of a national bank -Also proposed two new taxes on alcohol & imports |
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James Madison (person)
P.161,162,163,166,167,168,170 |
-4th President
-Ally of Hamilton -Said a little rebellion is a good thing -Intellectual leader of convention -Created Virginia Plan -Considered one of the most important people in the creation of the Constitution -Argued that there would be so many different factions, that none would ever dominate the gov.'t and cause tyranny -Helped write federalist papers -Became a republican along w/ T. Jefferson -Proposed dividing bonds between the original purchasers & the spectators |
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Bill of Rights
Pg. 171-172 |
By early 1789, even Madison had come to a realization that some sort of bill of rights was essential to the new law of the government. Congress approved twelve ammendments on September 25, 1789; ten of whom were ratified by the states by the end of 1791. The Bill of Rights consists of the first ten ammendments of the constitution.
http://www.foundingfathers.info/documents/billrights.html |
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Judiciary Act of 1789
pg. 172 |
on the subject of federal courts, the Constitution stated that the judicial power of the United States must be protected by the law in one supreme court & sometimes Congress may ordain & establish. In the Act of 1789, congress provided for a supreme court of six members, with a chief justice & five associate justices; thirteen district courts with one judge apiece; & three circuit courts if appeal, each to consist of one of the district judges sitting with two of the supreme power. The same act also gave the supreme court the power to make the final decision in cases involving the constitution of state laws.
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Cabinet
pg. 172 |
The Constitution referred inderectley to executive departments but did not specify how many departments there should be. The first congress created three departments: state, treasury & war. It also established the offices of the attourney general & the executive head of the postal system.
secretary of treasury- Washington apponted Alexander Hamilton of New York. secretary of war- Massachusetts federalist, General Henry Fox. secretary of state- Thomas Jefferson attourney general- Edmund Randolph (sponsor of the plan which led to the Constitution) |
