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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Long Bone |
Long and slender EX: Femur, Radius, and Phalanges
*Length is more than width* |
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Short Bones |
Boxlike appearance EX: Carpal and Tarsal bones |
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Flat Bones |
Thin, parallel surface. EX: Ribs, Scapula, Sternum,and Parietal bone. |
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Irregular Bones |
complex shapes with short, flat, notched or ridged surfaces EX: Spinal Vertebrae |
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Sesamoid Bones |
Small, flat and sesame seed shaped; develops inside tendons. EX: Patellae |
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Structural Bones (Wormian Bones) |
Small, flat, irregularly shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull. |
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Compact (Dense) Bone
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Relatively solid; located on the surface of the bone. *Forms a protective layer* *Heavy Bone* |
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Spongy (Cancellous) Bone |
Open network of struts and plates; interior or a bone. |
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Osseous Tissue |
* Supporting connective tissue * Contains specialized cells * Solid matrix of extracellular protein fibers and a ground substance |
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Bone |
1. Matrix is dense, contains calcium salt deposits. 2. OSTEOCYTES- Bone cells within LACUNAE -pockets 3. CANALICULI- Passageways through matrix that extend between the lacunae and nearby blood vessels. 4. PERIOSTEUM- Covers the outer surface if bone. (skin of the bone) |
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Calcium Phosphate |
* Accounts for 66% of the weight of bone. * Hard * Relatively Inflexible * Brittle * Can withstan compression * Shatter when exposed to bending, twisting, or sudden impact. |
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Collagen Fibers |
* Accounts for 33% of the weight of bone * Strong * Flexible * Tolerate twisting and bending * Bend when compressed (Can not handle weight) |
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Lacunae |
(-cavities between lamellae – layer of matrix) |
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Yellow Bone Marrow |
has mainly fat cells and connective tissue; for lipid storage (energy reserve); occurs in medullary cavities of the long bones |
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Red Bone Marrow |
Has mature/ immature red and white blood cells, and stem cells; blood cells formation; present ribs, vertebrae, sternum and bones of the pelvis, and ends of the humerus and femur. |
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Osteoprogenitor Cells |
* Mesenchymal Cells * Stem Cells * Differentiate into osteoblast * important in fracture repair * Found in: inner, cellular layer of the periosteum inner layer (endosteum) that lines the marrow cavities lining of vascular passageways in the matrix
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Osteoblast ( Bone-Forming Cells) |
* Modified fibroblasts * Produce new bone matrix through osteogenesis * Synthesize and release proteins and organic compounds that will become the bone matrix * Help in elevating concentrations of calcium phosphate and deposition of calcium salt > converts OSTEOID (matrix prior to calcification) to bone * Found beneath the periosteum and endosteum |
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Osteocytes (Bone Cells) |
* Most common cell * Are osteoblasts that have become trapped in the lacuane( cavities between lamellae- layer of matrix) * Two major functions: > Recycle the calcuim salts in the matrix > Participate in repair of damage bone; can convert into osteoblast or osteoprogenitor cell
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Osteoclasts |
* Larger than osteoblast * Cause resorption of bone through osteolysis (by secretion of enzymes that digest the protein matrix of the one and release the minerals |
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Osteon ( Haversian System) |
* Basic functional unit of a compact bone * Contains osteocytes arranges around a central canal (runs parallel to the surface, contains blood vessels for the osteon) |
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Perforating Canals ( Canals of Volkmann) |
Passageways that run perpendicular to the surface; contains blood vessels that supply blood to osteons deeper in the bone and to tissue of the marrow cavity. ( Allows blood to flow) |
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Lamellae |
Layers of calcified matrix; arranged around the central canal. |
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Canaliculi |
Within and between the lamellae interconnect the lacunae. |
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Compact Bone |
Compact bone is thickest where stresses come from a limited range of directions, such as along the diaphysis of some bone.
Relatively solid; located on the surface of the bone. *Forms a protective layer* *Heavy Bone* |
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Spongy Bone |
* Contains TRABECULAE- struts and plates of matrix, typically in open network * No osteons * No blood vessels * Lighter than compact bone- reduces the weight of the skeleton ( easier to move around)
Located where stresses are few or come from many different directions, such as at the epiphyses of some bones. |
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Periosteum |
* Covers all bones * Fibrous outer layer and cellular inner layer * Isolates the bone from surrounding tissues * Provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply * Participates in bone growth and repair. * Near joints the periosteum becomes continuous with connective tissue that lock the bones together* |
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Perforating Fibers ( Sharpey's Fibers) |
Collagen fibers incorporated into bone tissue from tendons and ligaments; provides a strong attachment. |
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Endosteum |
* Cellular layer * Lines the marrow cavity * Covers the trabecular of spongy bone * Lines the inner surface if the central canals * Active during bone growth, repair and remodeling * Flattened layer of osteoprogenitor cells that cover the bone matrix |
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Intramembranous Ossification |
Bone developed from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue. * Begins when osteoblasts differentiate within connective tissue * Occur in the deeper layers of the dermis * Results in dermal bones; EX- Flat bones of the cranium, mandible, clavicle * Can develop bones in dermal areas or within tendons, joints, kidneys, skeletal muscle |
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Endochondrial Ossification |
Bone replaces existing cartilage. * Begins by forming a cartilage model * cartilage model grows by INTERSTITIAL GROWTH- Expansion of cartilage matrix APPOSITIONAL GROWTH - Production of new cartilage at the outer surface
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Nutrient Artery And Vein |
Supply the diaphysis, enter through nutrient foramina; branches of these vessels extend along the length if the shaft. |
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Metaphyseal Vessels |
Supply blood to the inner (diaphyseal) surface of each epiphyseal plate (where bone is replacing cartilage) |
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Periosteal Vessels |
From the periosteum and become incorporated into bone tissue; provide blood to the superficial osteons of the shaft; also provide blood to the secondary ossification centers. |
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Remodeling |
* Can replace the matrix if the bone and leave the whole bone unchanged * Alter the shape, internal architecture or mineral content of the bone * Involves the activities of osteocytes, osteoblast, and osteoclasts. * Turn over rate is high * Every part of the bone may or may not be affected ** Osteoblast make bone tissue** ** osteoclasts destroy bone tissue** |
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Parathyroid Hormone |
Has three effects that increase calcium concentrations in the bloodstream ( decrease in calcium concentrations in bone tissue) * stimulates osteoclast activity and amplifying recycling of minerals by osteocytes * increase the rate if intestinal absorption of calcium ions by amplifying calcitriol action * decreasing the rate of excretion of calcium ions at the kidneys |
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Calcitonin |
Has two functions that lead to a decline in calcium concentrations in bloodstream ( increase in calcium concentration in the bone tissue) * Inhibiting osteoclast activity * Increasing the rate of excretion of calcium ions at the kidneys. |
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Longitudinal Growth |
Is completed by age 17-19 in women although the attainment of adult height may be attained by ages 15-16 years. |
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Growth in Diameter |
Bone diameter increases through appositional growth at the outer surface; while bone matrix is added to the outer surface, bone matrix is removed at the inner surface (bone marrow enlarges) |
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Ossification |
Process of converting other tissues to bone. |
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Calcification |
The process of depositing calcium salts within a tissue. |
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Growth of the skeletal determines.... |
Growth of the skeletal determines the size and proportions of our body |
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The age at which bone growth is.... |
The age at which bone growth is complete differs in men and women |
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Turnover and recycling of minerals give each bone.... |
Turnover and recycling minerals gives each bone the ability to adapt to stresses. |
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The shape and thicknesses of bones reflects the.... |
The shape and thicknesses of bones reflects the stresses applied to them. EX: High stress bones become thicker and stronger |
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Calcium is the most... |
Calcium is the most common mineral in the human body, with roughly 99% of it located in the skeleton. |
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Calcium ion concentrations are closely.... |
Calcium ion concentrations are closely regulated to prevent damage to physiological systems. |
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Interactions among the bones, intestinal tract... |
Interactions among the bones, intestinal tract, and kidneys affect calcium ion concentrations. |
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Aging and the Skeletal System |
* Bones become thinner and relatively weaker * OSTEOPENIA - inadequate ossification * Not all parts of the skeleton are equally affected: epiphyses, vertebrae, and jaw lose a lot of bone mass> fragile limbs, reduction in height, loss of teeth * OSTEOPROSIS- reduction in bone mass is sufficient to compromise normal function -- Reduces sex hormones increases osteoporosis ( Women after menopause) * OSTEOCLAST- ACTIVATING FACTOR- Chemical released by cancers of the bone marrow and breast; increased the number of and activity of osteoclasts; server osteoporosis |
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Hormones |
* Calcitriol- Hormone that is necessary for normal calcium and phosphate ion asorption * Growth Hormone- stimulates bone growth * Thyroxine- Hormone stimulate cell metabolism and speeds up the osteoblasts activity. * Sex Hormones at puberty- Over time their actions will narrow and close the epiphyseal plates. |
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Nutrients and hormones that are required for normal osteogenesis |
* Calcitriol- Hormone that is necessary for normal calcium and phosphate ion asorption * Growth Hormone- stimulates bone growth * Thyroxine- Hormone stimulate cell metabolism and speeds up the osteoblasts activity. * Sex Hormones at puberty- Over time their actions will narrow and close the epiphyseal plates. * Calcium and phosphate salts: and other minerals * Vit C- Needed for certain enzymatic reactions in making collagen * Vit A- Stimulates osteoblast activity * Vit K and B12- Synthesis of proteins
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