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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is stress?
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Stress is a negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes directed either toward altering the stressful event or accommodating to its effects.
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What theory proposes that when we perceive an emergency, out sympathetic nervous system activates and we are enabled to either confront or flee the stressor?
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Cannon's fight or flight model.
It is also said to be adaptive |
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Selye's general adaptation syndrome?
___-->_____ |
prolonged stressors --> wear and tear on an organism
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What are the three phases of the general adaptation syndrome, proposed by Selye?
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1) alarm - intial reaction, mobilization of resources
2) resistance - resources are mobilized, functioning under stress, arousal becomes high as well 3) exhaustion - failure to overcome stressor (allowing it to persist) --> deflection of physiological resources and decrease in functioning ((look@graph in notes)) |
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What are the three parts of Lazarus's stress theory?
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1) primary appraisal - assessing how threatening an event is
2) secondary appraisal - Assess if you have resources required to deal with the event (can I handle this? and how?) 3) cognitive appraisal - as new information is coming in about coping with the stressor, one updates their appraisals (how is stressor going to be handled?). this can both alleviate and increase stress |
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Baum's Studies of Lazarus' model found what?
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when people remain on a stressor after it is gone, the physical arousal associated with it continues
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Lazarus' ____ ______ found that when demands of the environment exceed one's personal resources, stress is the result.
What is the implication? |
transactional model.
more resources --> more stress we can handle |
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SAM
describe what it consists of and what it does. |
sympathetic-adrenomedullary system.
(nor-epinephrine) cortex -> hypothalamus -> sympathetic NS -> adrenal medulla glands -> catecholemines Initial reactionary system - related to fight or flight reaction |
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HPA
describe what it consists of and what it does. |
Hypothalamic - Pituitary Adrenocortical Axis
cortex-> hypothalamus -> pituitary-> adrenal cortex -> corticosterioids (cortisol) decrease inflammation, suppresses the immune system |
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Prolonged effects of HPA system activation?
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storage of centripital fat, potential destruction of hippocampal neurons (memory)
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____ _____ is known as a physiological reaction to stress
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cardiovascular reactivity
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What are some attributes of physiological stress?
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- extremely exaggerated cardio response
- takes a longer time to return to baseline - |
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What are some correlated to reactivity?
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an increase in cortisol, decrease in killer cell activity, increase in hypertension and heart disease
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T/F
There are some hereditary patterns to this type of stress reaction, which may account for why heart problems seem hereditary |
True
it can also be acquired later in life, eg as a factor of ptsd |
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What is allostatic load?
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the accumulation of physiological effects of stress, builds up over time
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T/F
Positive stress are more likely to produce stress |
False- negative stress.
However, it also depends on the type of stress one is describing |
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Stress caused by positive events is known as ____.
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eustress
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Stress caused by negative events is known as ____.
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distress
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In what case can eustress be more damaging that distress?
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In people with low self concept.
studies have shown that people w/low esteem may receive negative consequences as a result of positive stressors |
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Uncontrollable or unpredictable events are typically:
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EXTREMELY stressful
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____ ______ occur when one does not know what to do, and are very stressful
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ambiguous events
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What are some pre-stressor effects?
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when the body is prepping for a stressful event, can be as or more stressful than the event
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Post-stressor effects...
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can be more damaging
example: ptsd effects can be social, cognitive, and functional |
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T/F
post-stressor effects are more likely to appear when the stress was predictable |
false. it is more likely to appear if the stressor was unpredictable and uncontrollable
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What is Holmes and rahe's social readjustment scale stressful events measured in?
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life change units
LCUs |
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on Holmes and Rahe's scale:
Score of >300 : _____ Score of 300-150: _____ Score of <150:______ |
80% chance of illness
50% chance of illness 30% chance of illness |
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___ ___ are known as minor daily stress.
what is interesting about them? |
minor hassles
some argue that they are a better predictor of overall stress than major events |
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T/F
Perceived stress is more so a measure that is used |
True, it has been more researched in recent time
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What are some examples of chronic stress events?
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1) after a traumatic event
2) living in poverty 3) being in a bad relationship 4) working in a high stress job 5) inability to develop successful relationships at work 6) perceived inadequate career development 7) |
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List some examples of potential stressful job factors:
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- recent change in types of work
- work overload - responsibility of welfare of others - role conflict and role ambiguity |
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T/F
the move from more jobs being physical to more seditary has made is so there are less opportunities to "work off" work related stress |
true
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___ ____ is associated with overall poorer health habits
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work overload
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Karoshi - what is it? What does the word mean?
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"death from overwork"
reasons: japan's production management system describes how to get the most production, MINIMIZE EXPENSES AND WASTE |
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Role conflict
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given different information from different people
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Role ambiguity
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not sure what to do, or how you'll be evaluated
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What is the most stressful relationship one can have at work?
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a bad relationship with a boss/superior
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Insecurity about a job's future and having perceived impossible job ambitions are examples of _______ ____ ____ ____.
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perceived inadequate career development
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High demand + low control =
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extreme stress
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The impact of unemployment...
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increases vulnerability to multiple stressors
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What are some ways to reduce occupational stress?
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- reduce physical stressors in the workplace (harsh lighting, temperature, noise)
- minimize unpredictability and ambiguity - train supervisors to notice the signs of high stress - involve employees in decisions - make jobs more interesting - provide a setting that is conducive to relationships - focus on reward rather than punishment |
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what is role strain? who has traditionally experienced it?
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roles strain is being pulled in several directions. Usually experienced by women with multiple roles in their family.
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____ ____ proposes the negative effects of role strain.
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scarcity hypothesis
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Scarcity hypothesis:
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As more women work outside of the home, they experience a scarcity of time and energy. leads to depression and lack of well being
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___ ____ proposes the positive effects of role strain.
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enhancement hypothesis
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Enhancement hypothesis:
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- associated with increased well being
- increased self efficacy - increase in self esteem - having satisfying childcare - getting help from one's spouse/partner |
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What did the Rosenfield study examine? What were the findings?
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Gender difference in psychiatric distress.
Across the entire sample, women reported more overall distress - when women were employed --> less distress but still more than men - across all families with employed women --> men had little or no stress reported |
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What were the findings of the Rosenfield study as they pertained to men?
What may be the cause? |
When the employed women in the household had a higher income level than the men, men reported having increased distress.
Men may be experiencing role strain? |
